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25 November 2012, Volume 28 Issue 6

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Cover and Content of Chemical Research in Chinese Universities Vol.28 No.6(2012)

2012, 28(6):  0-0. 

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Volume Contents of Chemical Research in Chinese Universities to Vol.28(2012)

2012, 28(6):  1-10. 

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Articles

Novel High-nitrogen Energetic Compound Based on Semicarbazide-substituted Tetrazine

ZHANG Jian-guo, LIANG Yan-hui, XIE Shao-hua, FENG Jin-ling, WANG Kun, ZHANG Tong-lai

2012, 28(6):  931-935. 

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A novel energetic compound 3-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-semicarbazide-1,2,4,5-tetrazine(DSTZ) was prepared and characterized by elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy. The crystal structure was determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction technology. The crystal belongs to the monoclinic system with a P2₁/c space group, a=0.9942(7) nm, b=0.5067(3) nm, c=1.1830(8) nm, β=109.616°, Z=2 and D_c=1.475 g/cm³. With extensive hydrogen bonds, the molecules were linked together to form a three-dimensional herringbone-like pattern. Thermal analysis of the compound was carried out via differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetry(TG-DTG). Under a nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 K/min, DSTZ decomposed directly in a range of 493-513 K. Only one intense exothermic process was observed and the decomposition products were all gaseous products. Conventional sensitivity properties were determined, showing that the title complex was insensitive to friction, impact and flame.



Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Luminescent Properties of Three New Gallium Complexes Containing Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid

ZHOU Guang-peng, YANG Yu-lin, FAN Rui-qing

2012, 28(6):  936-941. 

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Three new gallium complexes formulated as [Ga(PDA)₂][Ga(H₂O)(PDA)(phen)]·4H₂O(1), [Ga(PDA)₂]· (H₂IN)·2H₂O(2) and [Ga(OH)(PDA)(H₂O)]₂(3)(H₂PDA=pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; phen=1,10-phenanthroline; HIN=isonicotinic acid) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. In the mixed-ligand system of complex 1, PDA^2? and phen are connected to the central Ga³⁺ cation as tri- and bi-dentate ligands, respectively. In complex 2, each Ga³⁺ cation is six-coordinated by two PDA^2? anions octahedrally. Complex 3 shows a binuclear structure, with the bond distance of Ga1-Ga2 being 0.30061(3) nm. The 3D supramolecular structures of the three complexes are constructed via hydrogen bonds and aromatic π-π packing interactions. All the three complexes exhibit intense blue emission at room temperature in the solid state, which are attributed to π^*-π transition centered on the ligands.



Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structure and Characterization of a New 2D Co(II) Coordination Polymer Based on Flexible Double Imidazole Derivative and Oxalate

LIU Lian-li, HUANG Jing-jing, WANG Xiu-li, LIU Guo-cheng, YANG Song, MU Bao

2012, 28(6):  942-946. 

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A 1D supramolecular compound [dmbbbi](1) and a 2D cobalt coordination polymer [Co(dmbbbi)(ox)]₂(2) [dmbbbi=1,1-(1,4-butanediyl)bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole), ox=oxalate], C₄₈H₅₂Co₂N₈O₈, were obtained under hydrothermal conditions by tuning the molar ratio of the reactants. The crystal structure analysis reveals that in compound 1, the adjacent dmbbbi molecules connect with each other via hydrogen bonds to form a 1D supramolecular chain. In compound 2, two crystallographically independent Co²⁺ ions show the same six-coordination mode. Each Co²⁺ ion is coordinated by four oxygen atoms from two ox anions and two nitrogen atoms from two cis-dmbbbi ligands. The adjacent Co²⁺ ions are bridged by ox anions to generate an infinite 1D zigzag chain, which is extended by pairs of dmbbbi ligands to form a 2D honeycomb-like (6,3) network. Moreover, the thermal stability and the electrochemical property of compound 2 were studied.



Detection of Lectins by Saccharide-gold Nanoparticle Conjugates

HOU Qiong, WANG Jin-e, LIU Xia, LI Xiao-kun, MA Li-na, DUAN Wu-biao, WANG Zhen-xin

2012, 28(6):  947-952. 

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A general functionalization strategy was reported, which enables one to conjugate saccharide(SA) on gold nanoparticle(GNP) surface without affecting SA properties. First, disulfide phenylboronic acid(Bor) functionalized GNPs(Bor@GNPs) were synthesized by the reaction of citrate stabilized GNPs of 13 nm in diameter with the mixture of Bor and pentapeptide(Cys-Ala-Leu-Asn-Asn, CALNN). Subsequently, the SA-GNP conjugates(SA@GNPs) were prepared by coupling SA to the GNP surface via the reaction of phenylboronic acid(PBA) with the cis-diol configuration in SA. The interactions of three SA@GNPs with three lectins have been analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopic and transmission electronic microscopic(TEM) techniques, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that SA@GNPs can efficiently bind to lectins and show a great promise as optical probes for monitoring specific affinities of lectins for SA, and detecting lectins with high sensitivity.



Peroxynitrite Scavenging Activities of Resveratrol and Piceid

ZHAO Guang-rong, TIAN Li-li, MA Qiong, WANG Chang-song, QIAO Bin, ZHANG Jun-gang, JI Xiang-wu

2012, 28(6):  953-956. 

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In vitro antioxidant activities of resveratrol and piceid against peroxynitrite(ONOO^-) were examined by the inhibition of 3-nitrotyrosine formation. Trolox was used as a positive control. Resveratrol and piceid exhibited high ONOO^--scavenging activities in a concentration dependent manner. The antioxidant activities(the concentration of test compound required to yield a 50% inhibition of tyrosine nitration, IC₅₀) of resveratrol and piceid against ONOO^- were (48.34±0.97) and (74.69±1.49) μmol/L, respectively. Compared with that of trolox[(105.40±1.16) μmol/L], their scavenging activities were 2.2- and 1.5-fold higher for resveratrol and piceid. Formation of nitro-resveratrol as shown by UV-Vis spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-tandom mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) analysis indicates that resveratrol could directly scavenge ONOO^- via nitration reaction. Our results demonstrate that foods and medicinal herbs with resveratrol and piceid as stronger ONOO^- scavengers are valuable ingredients and have healthy application in preventing humans from peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative damage by scavenging peroxynitrite efficiently.



Development of a Poly(vinyl chloride)-based Nitrate Ion-selective Electrode

HE Meng-meng, YANG Hui-zhong

2012, 28(6):  957-962. 

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The authors developed a nitrate ion-selective electrode(ISE) based on poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) membrane with methyltrioctylammonium nitrate as a carrier and 1-decanol as a plasticizer. The performance of the nitrate-sensitive membranes was optimized by tuning the composition of components. The electrode exhibits a linear response with a Nernstian slope of (52±1.0) mV per decade for the nitrate ion concentration ranging from 5.8×10^-5 mol/L to 1.0 mol/L. The electrode can be used to detect a low concentration of nitrate ions down to 3×10^-5 mol/L in a pH range of 2.1-11.5 without any compensation. The advantage of the electrode includes simple preparation, short response time and good repeatability. The detection performance of the novel electrode on nitrate ions has been tested for water samples.



Characterization of Interaction Between Raltitrexed and Bovine Serum Albumin by Optical Spectroscopic Techniques

ZHANG Jia-xing, YIN Zong-ning, WU Wei, WANG Zhong-xia, HE Rui, WU Zhao-xu

2012, 28(6):  963-970. 

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The interaction of raltitrexed(RTX) with bovine serum albumin(BSA) was investigated by steady state/lifetime fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism(CD) spectroscopy under the simulative physiological conditions. The results of fluorescence titration reveal that RTX could strongly quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA via a static quenching procedure. The obtained binding constant K_A of RTX with BSA was 478630 and 44259 L/mol at 298 and 310 K, respectively. According to van’t Hoff equation, the thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔG and ΔS were calculated, indicating that hydrophobic forces were the predominant intermolecular forces in stabilizing the complex. The binding process was a spontaneous process, in which Gibbs free energy change was negative. According to Förster’s non-radioactive energy transfer theory, the distance r between donor(BSA) and acceptor(RTX) was 3.82 nm, suggesting that the energy transfer from BSA to RTX occurred with high probability. Displacement experiment and the number of binding sites calculation confirmed that RTX could bind to the site-I of BSA. Furthermore, the effects of pH and some metal ions on the interaction of RTX with BSA were also investigated. The results of synchronous fluorescence and CD spectra show that the RTX-BSA binding induced conformational changes in BSA.



Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of 2-[1-(2-Formylamido-3-phenylpropionyloxy)alkyl]-1,4- dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone Derivatives

JIN Li-li, JIN Guang-zhu

2012, 28(6):  971-975. 

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A series of 2-[1-(2-formylamido-3-phenylpropionyloxy)alkyl]-1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone(2-FPADHAQ) derivatives was designed and synthesized. Their antitumor activities were tested against L1210 tumor cells and P388 mouse leukemic tumor cells in vitro and in ICR mice bearing sarcoma 180 cells in vivo. Overall, the introduction of 2-formylamido-3-phenyl-propanoic acid(2-FPPA) into the C-2-alkyl side chain C′-1 hydroxy group in 2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinones(2-HDHAQ) enhanced the antitumor activity compared with the starting materials. 2-FPADHAQ with alkyl chains longer than the pentyl group had negligible activity, whereas compounds 2b, 2c, 2d and 2epossessing shorter chains demonstrated moderate cytotoxic activity[50% effective dose(ED₅₀) of L1210 and P388 are 2.61-4.75 and 5.84-8.74 μg/mL], whereas compound 2l with an aromatic system showed strong cytotoxic activity. T/C(%) values[(average survival days in the test group)/(average survival days in the control group)×100%] also show that the introduction of 2-FPPA into the side chain of 2-HDHAQ enhanced antitumor activity. These data suggest that the introduction of an amino acid into the starting material may increase its affinity for DNA or its selectivity for proliferating cancer cells.



Three New Sesquiterpenoids from Agrocybe sp.

ZHENG Yong-biao, LU Chun-hua, XU Li, SU Wen-jin, SHEN Yue-mao

2012, 28(6):  976-979. 

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Two new marasmone derivatives, 1α,2β-dihydroxymarasmone(1) and 2β,3α-dihydroxymarasmone(2), and one new norsesquiterpenoid, 14-hydroxyoreadone(3), were obtained from the fermentation broth of Agrocybe sp., together with three known sesquiterpenes, agrocybolacton(4), marasmene(5) and 14-hydroxymarasmene(6). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, high resolution electron spray ionization quadrupole time of flight(HR-ESI-Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, chemical correlation, X-ray single crystal diffraction and also compared with reported data.



Design, Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Fluoroquinolone C3 Heterocyclic Bis-oxadiazole Methylsulfide Derivatives Derived from Levofloxacin

HU Guo-qiang, WANG Guo-qiang, DUAN Nan-nan, WEN Xiao-yi, CAO Tie-yao, XIE Song-qiang, HUANG Wen-long

2012, 28(6):  980-984. 

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To discover an efficient route for the shift from an antibacterial fluoroquinolone to an antitumor one based on the mechanistic similarities between targeting topoisomerases and the eukaryotic ones, two series of the title compounds, C3 bis-oxadiazole methylsulfides 6a-6h and corresponding dimethylpiperazinium iodides 7a-7h derived from levofloxacin 1 were designed and synthesized. Their in vitro antiproliferative activities against Chinese hamster ovary cell line(CHO), murine leukemia cell line(L1210) and human leukocytoma cell line(HL60) were evaluated by MTT assay, and inhibitory effect on DNA topoisomerase IIα was also measured by means of densitometric assay.



Synthesis of Single-stranded Polynorbornene with Pendant Group Bearing Benzenedicarboxaldehyde and Long Alkyl Chain

ZHANG Ze, WU Hao-hao, WANG Chun-shan, FAN Kun-zeng

2012, 28(6):  985-989. 

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An unprecedented single-stranded polynorbornene with the pendant group containing benzenedicarboxaldehyde and a long alkyl chain(12) was synthesized by ring-open metathesis polymerization(ROMP) of the corresponding monomer(11), which was obtained via the esterification of two crucial intermediates, namely, 2-hexadecyl- oxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-benzenedicarboxaldehyde(7, obtained via 6 steps) and 4-(4-aza-tricyclo[5.2.1.0^2.6]-dec-8- en-4-yl)benzoic acid(10). The target compound and all the intermediates were characterized by infrared(IR), ¹H NMR and high resolution mass spectroscopy(HRMS) analysis.



Efficient One-pot Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline and Pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline Derivatives

LIU Zhen-ming, WU Lei, SUN Jing, YAN Chao-guo

2012, 28(6):  990-993. 

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A one-pot sequential reaction for efficient synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline and pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoline derivatives has been developed. The reaction included firstly the Cu-catalyzed three-component reaction of isoquinoline(quinoline), acetylenedicarboxylate and alkynylbenzene and then Cs₂CO₃-promoted intramolecular cyclization reaction of initially formed 1-alkenyl-2-alkynyl-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline(1,2-dihydroquinoline).



Facile Syntheses of 3-Isopentenyl Flavone and 3-Geranyl Flavone

HUANG Chu-sheng, SHI Jian-cheng, LIU Hong-xing, CHEN Qian, DUAN Hong-xia

2012, 28(6):  994-998. 

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Although there was a strong steric effect, isopentenyl and geranyl moieties were successfully introduced into C3 position in flavone skeleton so as to synthesize the 3-isopentenyl flavone and 3-geranyl flavone under two cyclization conditions(AcOH/HCl and concentrated H₂SO₄/MeOH) in this report. It was found that the optimum cyclization conditions for 3-isopentenyl flavone and 3-geranyl flavone were, respectively, AcOH/HCl and H₂SO₄/MeOH. Furthermore, the donating electron ability is in the sequence 3-geranyl flavone>3-isopentenyl flavone according to the density functional theory(DFT) calculations, suggesting the longer alkyl chain at 3-position would be more favorable for enhancing the donating electron ability. The present synthetic routes might reveal potential applicability in our continued studies on the total syntheses of other natural 3-alkyl flavonoids.



One-pot Three-component Synthesis of 4,4′-Arylidene-bis(3-methyl-pyrazolones) Derivatives in Water

JIA Xu-dong, DUAN Hai-feng, LIN Ying-jie, CAO Jun-gang, LIANG Da-peng, WU Mao-cheng

2012, 28(6):  999-1002. 

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Aldehydes, hydrazine and ethyl acetoacetate were used for the synthesis of 4,4′-arylidene-bis (3-methyl-pyrazolones) derivatives in water. In this green synthetic protocol, the solvent water itself catalyzed the reaction via hydrogen bonding, thus avoiding the use of any other catalyst to make the work up procedure easier. One-pot, environmental friendly and convenient are the highlights.



Chiral Diamine-catalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction

LI Hui, XU Da-zhen, WU Lu-lu, WANG Yong-mei

2012, 28(6):  1003-1010. 

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A highly efficient catalytic system composed of a simple and commercially available chiral primary diamine (1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine(6) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was employed for asymmetric Aldol reaction in em-PrOH at room temperature. A loading of 10%(molar fraction) catalyst 6 with TFA as a cocatalyst could catalyze the Aldol reactions of various ketones or aldehydes with a series of aromatic aldehydes, furnishing Aldol pro- ducts in moderate to high yields(up to >99%) with enantioselectivities of up to >99% and diastereoselectivities of up to 99:1.



Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modeling of Cyclic Tetrapeptide Based Inhibitors HDAC

LI Xiao-hui, WEI Ying-dong, WANG Shi-miao, WANG Meng-nan, HUANG Da-wei, XIU Zhi-long

2012, 28(6):  1011-1016. 

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Histone deacetylases(HDACs) are considered to be among the most promising targets for the development of anti-cancer drugs, and HDAC inhibitors(HDACIs) have become a promising class of anti-cancer drugs. To explore whether thioacetyl group as the zinc binding group(ZBG) and a slight change in the hydrophobicity of the recognition domain of HDACIs could alter their activities, we synthesized a series of cyclo[-L-Am7(SAc)-Aib-L-Phe(n-Cl)-D-Pro-] and evaluated their HDAC-inhibitory and antiproliferative activities. The results show that these peptides could inhibit HDAC at 10^-9 mol/L level, and could selectively inhibit the proliferation of three human cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ at 10^-6 mol/L level. Docking study was conducted to examine the mechanisms by which these peptides interact with HDAC2. It appeared that a zinc ion in the active site of HDAC was coordinated by the carbonyl oxygen atom of the ZBG in the inhibitor. Both the ZBG domain of all the peptides and the surface recognition domain of cyclo[-L-Am7(SAc)-Aib-L-Phe(o-Cl)-D-Pro-] and that of cyclo[-L-Am7(SAc)-Aib-L-Phe(m-Cl)-D-Pro-] interacted with HDAC2 via hydrogen bonding. Hydrophobic interaction has been considered to provide favorable contributions to stabilizing the complexes, and the introduction of a chlorine atom at the aromatic ring on the L-Phe position of these peptides affected the interaction between each of these inhibitors and the enzyme, resulting in slight change in the structure of the surface recognition domain of the peptides.



Procaine Inhibiting Human Bladder Cancer Cell Proliferation by Inducing Apoptosis and Demethylating APAF1 CpG Island Hypermethylated

SUN Ran, CHANG Li-ping, WANG Kai-chen, SUN Hong-yan, CONG Xian-ling

2012, 28(6):  1017-1021. 

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Studies have shown that aberrant DNA methylation of apoptotic protease activating factor-1(APAF1) is an important epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation in the progression of bladder cancer. In this article, we have proved that procaine, an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases, could inhibit the proliferation of T24 and 5637 human bladder cancer cells by inducing their apoptosis. The mechanism studies reveal that procaine could induce demethylation of APAF1 gene in T24 or 5637 cells, subsequently activating caspase-3/9. It was also shown that the serum soluble fas ligand(sFasL) was activated, and the expression of matrix metallopeptidase 9(MMP-9) was down-regulated. Procaine seems to induce cell death by different pathways, and it might be used as a potential agent for bladder cancer treatment.



Aligned Fibrous Scaffold Induced Aligned Growth of Corneal Stroma Cells in vitro Culture

GAO Yan, YAN Jing, CUI Xue-jun, WANG Hong-yan, WANG Qing

2012, 28(6):  1022-1025. 

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To investigate the contribution of fibre arrangement to guiding the aligned growth of corneal stroma cells, aligned and randomly oriented fibrous scaffolds of gelatin and poly-L-lactic acid(PLLA) were fabricated by electrospinning. A comparative study of two different systems with corneal stroma cells on randomly organized and aligned fibres were conducted. The efficiency of the scaffolds for inducing the aligned growth of cells was assessed by morphological observation and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay. Results show that the cells cultured on both randomly oriented and aligned scaffolds maintained normal morphology and well spreading as well as long term proliferation. Importantly, corneal stroma cells grew high orderly on the aligned sca- ffold, while the cells grew disordered on the randomly oriented scaffold. Moreover, the cells exhibited higher viability in aligned scaffold than that in randomly oriented scaffold. These results indcate that electrospinng to prepare aligned fibrous scaffolds has provided an effective approach to the aligned growth of corneal stroma cells in vitro. Our findings that fiber arrangement plays a crucial role in guiding the aligned growth of cells may be helpful to the development of better biomaterials for tissue engineered cornea.



Hepato-protective Effect of Polysaccharides Extracted from Inula Britannica Flower for Mice

HONG Tie, DONG Man, GAO Yan, ZHAO Jing, WU Yi

2012, 28(6):  1026-1030. 

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The polysaccharides extracted from Inula britannica flower(IBP) exhibited a significant anti-liver injury activity. The properties and chemical compositions of IBP were analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and infrared spectroscopy(IR) methods. The results show that the molecular weight distribution of IBP is from 600 to 3500. The weight-average molecular weight is 1099. IBP consists of mannose, glucuronic acid, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose with a molar ratio of 4.1:1:1.4:2.7:14.6:6.3:7.9. The IR spectrum of IBP reveals the typical characteristics of polysaccharides and proteins. After administration of IBP with 100, 50 and 25 mg/kg body mass to liver injury mice induced by CCl₄ or bacillus calmette guerin-lipopolysaccharide (BCG-LPS), not only the blood alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) levels decreased significantly(P<0.05), but aslo the liver tissue malondialdehyde(MDA) level decreased significantly(P<0.01). The superoxide dismutase(SOD) level increased significantly(P<0.01). IBP shows significant anti-liver injury and anti- oxidation activity.



Down-regulation of Vinculin in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Identified by Proteomics Analysis

YANG Guang-yuan, ZHAO Hai-feng, XIE Feng, LI Yi, SUN Li, SHI Qing-hong, HE Cheng-yan, LIU Ning, SONG Li-na

2012, 28(6):  1031-1034. 

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In the present study, we aimed to globally profile the proteins involved in colorectal carcinoma(CRC), in order to find clues to the pathological process of CRC. Pairs of malignant tissues and their adjacent healthy tissues from patients with colorectal cancer were subject to differential proteomics analysis. Two dimensional electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry(2-DE/MS) was used to identify differentially expressed proteins between pairs of tissue samples. A list of proteins relevant to the progression of colorectal tumor was identified by two dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE)-based proteomics approach. Among the identified proteins, vinculin was found to be remarkably down-regulated in colorectal carcinoma tissues. In addition, three phosphorylation modifications within the isolated vinculin were identified by in-depth liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) analysis. Our results provide a basis for further understanding the pathological significance of vinculin in the regulation of carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis of colorectal tumors.



Quantitative Mitochondrial Proteomics Study on Protective Mechanism of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extracts Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Heart Injury in Rat

LU Wei-da, QIU Jie, ZHAO Gai-xia, QIE Liang-yi, WEI Xin-bing, GAO Hai-qing

2012, 28(6):  1035-1040. 

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Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) injury is a critical condition, often associated with high morbidity and mortality. The cardioprotective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts(GSPE) against oxidant injury during I/R has been described in previous studies. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the effect of GSPE on reperfusion arrhythmias especially ventricular tachycardia(VT) and ventricular fibrillation(VF), the lactic acid accumulation and the ultrastructure of ischemic cardiomyocytes as well as the global changes of mitochondria proteins in in vivo rat heart model against I/R injury. GSPE significantly reduced the incidence of VF and VT, lessened the lactic acid accumulation and attenuated the ultrastructure damage. Twenty differential proteins related to cardiac protection were revealed by isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ) profiling. These proteins were mainly involved in energy metabolism. Besides, monoamine oxidase A(MAOA) was also identified. The differential expression of several proteins was validated by Western blot. Our study offered important information on the mechanism of GSPE treatment in ischemic heart disease.



Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Retinal Ganglion-like Cells Induced by Math5

WANG Hai-yan, KE Bi-lian, SU Guan-fang, XU Xun

2012, 28(6):  1041-1046. 

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We explored the appropriate inducing conditions needed to facilitate the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) into retinal ganglion cells(RGCs). Math5, a pro-neural basic helix- loop-helix(bHLH) gene, was constructed in an adenoviral vector and then infected into the 3rd passage BMSCs. An inverted fluorescence microscope was used to observe the morphological changes of the infected cells. The expressions of Math5, the neuromarkers neuron-specific enolase(NSE), neurofilament(NF), Thy1.1, and the RGC-related genes GAP-43 and Brn3b were examined by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The results show that cells infected with Math5 adenoviral vector were able to stably express Math5 and presented with a typical morphology of RGCs. Moreover, these cells expressed NSE, NF, Thy1.1, and GAP-43. Under the synergistic induction conditions of retinal conditioned differentiation medium in combination with epidermal growth factor(EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor(BFGF), BMSCs infected with Math5 adenoviral vector had a more typical morphology of RGCs, with a greater number of longer axons that connected with each other and formed a net. In addition, the number of NF positive cells was higher, the expression of Brn3b was detected, and the expressions of NSE, NF, and GAP-43were significantly up-regulated compared to those of them in the control. These results indicate that BMSCs infected with Math5 are able to differentiate into retinal ganglion-like cells. Moreover, Math5 is a stronger activator of the downstream gene Brn3b than the cytokine, which suggests that it is possible to regulate the survival and axon path determination of these differentiated cells.



Electrocatalytic Oxidation and Simultaneous Determination of Uric Acid, Xanthine, Hypoxanthine and Dopamine Based on β-Cyclodextrin Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

GONG Wei, DOU Zhi-yu, CUI Li-li, LIU Da-jun, HE Xing-quan

2012, 28(6):  1047-1053. 

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A novel covalently modified glassy carbon electrode with β-cyclodextrin was prepared via electropolymerization technique for the simultaneous determination of uric acid(UA), xanthine(XA), hypoxanthine(HX) and dopamine(DA). This new electrode presented an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of UA, XA, HX and DA by cyclic voltammetry(CV) method. The oxidation peaks of the four compounds were well defined and had the enhanced peak currents. The separation potentials of the oxidation peaks for DA-UA, UA-XA and XA-HX were 150, 390 and 360 mV in CV, respectively. By means of differential pulse voltammetry(DPV) method, the calibration curves in the ranges of 10-225, 5-105, 10-170 and 5-150 μmol/L were obtained for UA, XA, HX and DA, respectively. The lowest detection limits(S/N=3) were 5, 1.25, 5 and 1.5 μmol/L for UA, XA, HX and DA, respectively. The practical application of the modified electrode was demonstrated by the determination of DA in hydrochloride injection and UA, XA, HX in human urine samples.



Eu(III) Complex-doped PMMA with Fast Radiation Rate and High Emission Quantum Efficiency

ZHANG Jin-li, CHEN Bo-wei, LUO Xuan, DU Kai

2012, 28(6):  1054-1057. 

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Two Eu(III) complexes, (tris-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione)(1,10-phenanthroline)europium(III) [Eu(tpb-H)₃(phen)] and (tris-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione)(2,2′-bipyridine)europium(III)[Eu(tpb-H)₃-(bipy)] were synthesized from bi-dental oxygen and nitrogen ligands. Luminescent polymers were fabricated by incorporating deuterated Eu(III) complexes in poly(methylmethacrylate)(PMMA) matrixes. Luminescent PMMA containing Eu(tpb-D)₃(phen) exhibited relatively higher quantum yield[Φ, (48.7±4)%], faster radiation rate(k_r, 7.49×10² s^-1), sharper red emission[full width at half maximum(FWHM), 6.3 nm] and larger stimulated emission cross-section (SEC, 1.29×10^-20 cm²). The value of SEC is the same order as that of Nd-glass laser for practical use. Additionally, the thermal properties of Eu(tpb-H)₃(phen), Eu(tpb-H)₃(bipy), Eu(tpb-D)₃(phen)-PMMA, and Eu(tpb-H)₃(bipy)-PMMA were studied, indicating that the Eu(III) complexes and luminescent PMMA can be used for a long-term period in high temperature environment. Prepared luminescent polymers including Eu(tpb-D)₃(phen) have promising applications in novel organic Eu(III) devices, such as the high-power laser materials and optical fibers.



Investigation of in situ Growth of SrMoO₄ Nanoplates by Microcalorimetry

GUO Yun-xiao, CHEN Jie, HUANG Zai-yin, FAN Gao-chao, SUN Ji-long

2012, 28(6):  1058-1060. 

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SrMoO₄ nanoplates were synthesized by a facile reverse microemulsion method at room temperature. Energy evolution of this in situ growth process was monitored by means of a microcalorimeter. A sharp exothermic peak for the initial reaction and two discontinuous relatively weak exothermic peaks for the subsequent crystal growth emerged on the microcalorimetric heat flow curve. Based on the in situ thermokinetic data, the rate constants of the nucleation process and crystallization process at 298.15 K were calculated to be 4.078×10^-3 and 5.033×10^-4 s^-1, respectively. The growth mechanism and energy evolution were investigated.



QCM and EC-SPR Studies of Cytochrome cSelf-assembled on Au Electrode and Enhancement of SPR Signal by Au Nanoparticles

WANG Yan-yan, JIANG Yan-xia, ZHOU You-chen, LI Yan-yan, MA Zhi-fang, SUN Shi-gang

2012, 28(6):  1061-1065. 

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Quartz crystal microbalance(QCM) and cyclic voltammetry(CV) were used to characterize the monolayer of cytochrome c(Cyt c), which was adsorbed on gold film modified with alkanethiol mixed monolayer. A direct comparison of protein surface coverages calculated from QCM and cyclic voltammetric measurements illustrates that the ratio of the electroactive Cyt c to the total surface-confined Cyt cis 34%, which suggests that the orientation is a main factor affecting the electroactivity of Cyt c. Moreover, surface plasmon resonance(SPR) measurement combined with CV “in situ” was used to investigate the conformational change of Cyt c in the redox process. Besides, Au nanoparticles(Au NPs) were adsorbed on the surface of Cyt c. The result indicates that Au NPs promote electron transfer between Cyt c and the gold electrode, and SPR result suggests Au NPs enhance SPR signal.



1D Ferromagnetic Interaction of 2-Iodo Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical Confirmed by Spin Density Calculation

LIU Zhi-liang, SONG Ye, DU Chun-fang

2012, 28(6):  1066-1069. 

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A supramolecular 1D ferromagnetic system was studied experimentally as well as theoretically. Hybrid density functional theory(DFT) calculations were based on the X-ray analysis. The results of DFT calculations and McConnell mechanism have contributed to the understanding of the factors governing the exchange coupling of magnetism in the crystal packing. Both the experimental evidence and theoretical calculation indicate that spin density in 2-iodo nitronyl nitroxide(INN) radicals confirms 1D ferromagnetic chain with inter-chain antiferromagnetic interaction.



Thermodynamic Properties of Linear Protein Solutions: an Application to Type I Antifreeze Protein Solutions

LI Li-fen, LIANG Xi-xia, LI Qian-zhong

2012, 28(6):  1070-1073. 

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A statistical thermodynamic theory of linear protein solutions was proposed with the aid of a lattice model and applied to type I antifreeze protein(AFPI) solutions. The numerical results for several AFPI solutions show that the Gibbs function of the solution has a minimum at a certain protein concentration, but the protein chemical potential increases with increasing the concentration. The influences of temperature and protein chain length on the AFPI chemical potential were also discussed. The evaluation for the colligative depression of the freezing point confirms that the antifreeze action should be recognized as non-colligative. The theoretical deduction for the concentration dependence of the thermal hysteresis activity coincides qualitatively with the previous experimental and theoretical results.



Synthesis of Pt/C Electrocatalysts Under Protection of Glucose and Their Improved Methanol Electrooxidation Activity

XING Zi-hao, ZHAO Tian-meng, JIANG Bo, YIN Min, SI Feng-zhan, LIU Chang-peng, YANG Wen-sheng

2012, 28(6):  1074-1077. 

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Carbon supported Pt(Pt/C) electrocatalysts were prepared with glucose as protection agent and NaBH₄ as reductant. The Pt nanoparticles deposited on carbon support presented reduced size and well dispersity attributed to the protection effect of glucose. Glucose absorbed on the particle surface was readily removed by water washing without leading to agglomeration of the Pt nanoparticles. The as-prepared Pt/C electrocatalysts showed improved mass activity for methanol electrooxidation compared to the catalyst prepared without glucose protection. The improved performance is attributed to the larger electrochemical active surface area thus increased active sites on the Pt/C elctrocatalysts prepared under the protection of glucose.



Calorimetric Studies on Enthalpy Relaxation in Maltitol Glass Transition Based on Phenomenological Models

YE Bin, GAO Cai, YANG Suo, LIU Xiang-nong, JIANG Bin

2012, 28(6):  1078-1085. 

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To investigate the enthalpy relaxation behavior of maltitol glass system, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to obtain the specific heat capacity[C_p(T)] near the glass transition temperature(T_g) at different coo- ling rates ranged between 1 and 20 K/min. Three phenomenological models of enthalpy relaxation, Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan(TNM) model, Adam-Gibbs-Vogel(AGV) model and Gómez Ribelles(GR) model, were used to simulate the experimental data. The models’ parameters were obtained via a curve-fitting method. The results indicate that TNM and AGV models gave the almost identical prediction powers and can reproduce the curves of experimental C_p(T) very well. However, the prediction power of GR model evolved from configurational entropyapproach is not so good as those of TNM and AGV models. In particular, the metastable limit state parameter(δ) introduced by Gómez Ribelles has insignificant effect on the enthalpy relaxation of the small molecular hydrogen-bonding glass system.



Effect of Nanoparticle Size on Gas-sensing Properties of Tin Dioxide Sensors

XU Hong-yan, CUI De-liang, CAO Bing-qiang

2012, 28(6):  1086-1090. 

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Sn(OH)₄ was prepared by the conventional solution precipitate method, followed by supercritical CO₂ drying. The resultant Sn(OH)₄ was divided into three aliquots and calcined at 400, 600 and 800℃, respectively, thus SnO₂ nanoparticles with average crystallite sizes of 5, 10 and 25 nm were obtained. Furthermore, three SnO₂ thick film gas sensors(denoted as sensors S-400, S-600 and S-800) were fabricated from the above SnO₂ nanoparticles. The adhesion of sensing materials on the surface of alumina tube is good. Compared to the sensors S-600 and S-800, sensor S-400 showed a much higher sensitivity to 1000 μL/L ethanol. On the other hand, sensor S-800 showed a much lower intrinsic resistance and improved selectivity to ethanol than sensors S-400 and S-600. X-Ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and selective area electron diffraction(SAED) measurements were used to characterize the SnO₂ nanoparticles calcined at different temperatures. The differences in the gas sensing performance of these sensors were analyzed on the basis of scanning electron microscopy(SEM).



Properties of DR1/PMMA-co-GMA for High Speed Electro-optical Switch

CAO Zi-jian, JIN Lin, WANG Xi-bin, CUI Zhan-chen, ZHANG Da-ming

2012, 28(6):  1091-1094. 

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A non-linear optical(NLO) material was synthesized by means of a simple method. This material can be applied in electro-optical(EO) devices, such as EO switches and modulators. The Disperse Red 1(DR1) was doped in polymethyl-methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate(PMMA-co-GMA) as the NLO active chromophore. The synthesis process and material structure were expressed. The thermal properties, surface morphology and optical characteristics of the material were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy(AFM), and m-lines technique. Using the reflection technique, the value of the electro-optical coefficient γ₃₃ was measured as 11 pm/V at a wavelength of 1310 nm. An EO switch with nanosecond response based on this material has been fabricated.



Preparation and Antibacterial Activity of Copolymer of Methacryloxyethyldimethyl Dodecyl Ammonium Bromide/Acrylamide

LU Gui-qian, ZUO Hua-jiang, DONG Wei-min, WU Ding-cai, FU Ruo-wen

2012, 28(6):  1095-1100. 

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Copolymers PMDAB-co-AA with excellent antibacterial activity were designed and prepared (MDAB/AA=methacryloxyethyldimethyl dodecyl ammonium bromide with acrylamide). The chemical structures of the copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and chemical titration. The antimicrobial activities and kinetics of the copolymer against E. coli and S. aureus were examined by viable cell counting method. The compositions of the copolymers could be easily controlled by the feed molar ratio of MDAB to AA. Furthermore, the highest antibacterial activity was achieved when the molar fraction of MDAB was in a range of 5%-20%, and the killing rate reached 100% under the test conditions. In addition, the antibacterial activity of PMDAB-co-AA was maintained and stable without any loss after 15 times of repeated usage. It was proved that the PMDAB-co-AA samples targeted at cell membrane, and caused serious damage to cell integrity and inner membrane permeation. The surrounding conditions, such as pH and inorgainc salts concentrations(CaCl₂ or NaCl), also affected their antibacterial activities.



Synthesis and Properties of pH and Temperature Responsive Copolymer with Pesudorotaxane Structure

MA Qiang, YANG Hui, XU Wen-chao, TAN Ye-bang

2012, 28(6):  1101-1106. 

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pH and temperature responsive copolymers PNAM4VBCB of N-isopropyl acrylamide(NAM) and complex pseudorotaxane monomer N¹-(4-vinylbenzyl)-1,4-diaminobutane dihydrochloride with cucurbit[6]uril(CB[6]) threaded(4VBCB) were prepared via free-radical polymerization in aqueous solution. The copolymers were characterized by ¹H NMR, Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometry, elemental analysis, and static light scattering. The thermodynamic properties of the copolymers were studied by thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), and the effects of pH and the concentration of the copolymer on the average hydrodynamic radius(R_h) were studied by dynamic light scattering(DLS). In addition, the thermal sensitivities of the copolymers were studied by DLS and UV-Vis. The experiment data show that CB[6] beads are localized on 1,4-diaminobutane units in the side chains of the copolymer. TGA data show that thermal stability of the copolymers increases with the adding of CB[6] threaded because of the enhanced rigidity and the bulky steric hindrance of 4VBCB in the side chain of PNAM4VBCB. DLS data show that the average hydrodynamic radius of copolymer increases with the increase of the copolymer concentration and has a jump with adjusting pH due to the existing of the small size CB[6] dethreaded from the copolymer with increasing pH. Both pH and electrical conductivity curves of the solution of PNAM4VBCB-4 have a jump because CB[6] could dethread from the copolymers with the addition of NaOH. In addition, the copolymers have thermal sensitivity and their phase-change temperatures could be controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of NAM to 4VBCB in the copolymers.



Solution Properties of Mixed Starch/Chitosan Revealed by Resonance Light Scattering

HU Yong, FU Xiong, CHEN Xu-dong, ZHONG Nan-jing

2012, 28(6):  1107-1111. 

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The association behavior of starch and chitosan and the dilute solution properties of the starch/chitosan complex were investigated by means of resonance light scattering(RLS) spectra. The interaction between starch and chiotsan was proved by RLS. Based on the results, the appropriate association condition was selected. However, the solution property of starch/chitosan was affected greatly by external factors such as pH value and metal ionic strength. The change of pH, which causes the irreversible transition of solution from transparent into murky, provides some important information of partitioning behavior of the complex in solution. The durative enhancement of RLS intensity for the complex exhibited two inflexions and a plateau in the presence of a certain amount of Fe³⁺. It indicates that Fe³⁺ not only increases the RLS intensity, but also induces the micell-aggregate transition of the complex in solution. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters for micell formation process at different temperatures, based on the RLS values, were calculated.



Separation of Salbutamol by Nano-baskets of Calix[4]arene Bearing Sulfonyl-carboxamides in Partial-cone Conformation

MOKHTARI Bahram, POURABDOLLAH Kobra

2012, 28(6):  1112-1118. 

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Salbutamol, which increases the muscle mass and decreases the adipose tissue, is misused as nutrient repartitioning agent in the livestock. The novelty of this work is the determination of salbutamol in the livestock meat via new bonded-phases bearing eight derivatives of p-tert-calix[4]arene in partial-cone conformation. The new synthesized bonded-phases were characterized and optimized. The bonding interactions of solute and stationary-phases were examined and the main interactions were reported. The salbutamol levels in six samples of livestock meat were analyzed and the results reveal that for the best bonded-phases, the limit of detection(LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.02 and 0.06 μg/mL, respectively.