Chemical Research in Chinese Universities

Cover and Content of Chemical Research in Chinese Universities Vol.27 No.5(2011)

2011, 27(5): 0.

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Hydrothermal Synthesis, Characterization and Magnetic Properties of Rare arth Iron Garnets Sm₃Fe₅O₁₂ and Eu₃Fe₅O₁₂

GUO Li, YUAN Hong-ming, HUANG Ke-ke, YUAN Lin, LIU Shao-kong and FENG Shou-hua*

2011, 27(5): 715-719.

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The rare earth iron garnets R3Fe5O12(R=Sm, Eu) were synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions, and their crystal growth was found to be sensitive to alkalinity, reaction temperature and time. The as-prepared samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), infrared spectra(IR) and Raman spectrum. The M vs. H loops and magnetic parameters have been traced with a vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM) and superconducting quantum interference devices(SQUIDs) magnetometer. We proposed the formation mechanisms and formulated a reasonable explanation for their growth habits. Different morphologic characteristics were observed by changing alkalinity in the reaction systems. The magnetic studies gave saturation magnetization(Ms) and Curie temperature(TC). The magnetic behaviors of Sm3Fe5O12 and Eu3Fe5O12 in mild hydrothermal systems are comparable with those in high temperature solid state reactions.

Preparation and Ethanol Sensing Properties of ZnO Nanofibers

FENG Cai-hui, RUAN Sheng-ping, ZHU Ling-hui, LI Chao, LI Wei, CHEN Wei-you, CHEN Li-hua and ZHANG Xin-dong*

2011, 27(5): 720-723.

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ZnO nanofibers with an average diameter of about 90 nm were prepared by an electrospinning method combined with a calcination process. The as-electrospun nanofibers before and after calcination were characterized by means of differential thermal analysis(DTA), thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The fibers after calcination at 600 °C belong to the hexagonal wurtzite structure. The sensor based on ZnO nanofibers exhibited excellent ethanol sensing properties at 206 °C such as good linear dependence in the low concentration(1―100 μL/L), high response, and good selectivity. Fast response(less than 2 s) and recovery(about 16 s) were also observed in our investigations.

Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of Five Coordination Polymers Involving Phthalic Acid

WU Li-li, HE Rong, WEI Zhen and SONG Hui-hua*

2011, 27(5): 724-729.

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Five new coordination polymers Cu(phen)(H2O)(phth)·CH3OH(1), [Cu(2,2'-bipy)(H2O)](phth)·3.5H2O(2), Zn(phen)(phth)(H2O)·1.125H2O(3) and [M(4,4'-bipy)(H2O)2](phth)·2H2O[M=Zn(4), Mn(5)](H2phth=phthalic acid, bipy=bipyridine, phen=1,10-phenanthroline) have been synthesized from the amino acid derivatives(phthalyl-l- valine, H2L) and structurally characterized. H2L was hydrolyzed into phth2– group during the reaction, but the strucure feature was different from that of the complex directly synthesized from H2phth in the reported literature, revealing that H2L played an important role in composing the novel compounds. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 are all 1D chains, but the differences are that compound 1 is further hydrogen-bonded into 2D networks, and compound 2 is further extended into 3D supramolecular network through π-π stacking and hydrogen-bonding interactions. However, compound 3 is a 1D helix chain structure and further links into 2D networks through π-π stacking. Compounds 4 and 5 are isostructural and exhibit the same 2D layers, which are further connected by hydrogen-bonding interactions to form 3D supramolecular network. Antiferromagnetic superexchange was observed for compounds 1, 2 and 5.

Crystal Structure of a Novel Sandwich Inclusion Complex of β-Cyclodextrin with α-Naphthylacetic Acid

WANG En-ju*, CHEN Guang-ying and HAN Chang-ri

2011, 27(5): 730-733.

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A supramolecular inclusion complex between β-cyclodextrin(β-CD) and α-naphthylacetic acid was prepared, and its crystal structure was investigated by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The complex contains two β-CD molecules, one α-naphthylacetic acid, two ethanols and twenty-eight water molecules in the asymmetric unit, which could be formulated as [(C42H70O35)2·(C12H10O2)·(C2H5OH)2·28H2O]. Two β-CD molecules constitute a dimer by face-to-face contact of their secondary hydroxyl sides. At the interface of the dimer, one α-naphthylacetic acid molecule is sandwiched between two β-CD molecules. Each β-CD unit of the dimer includes one ethanol molecule in its cavity. The β-CD dimers are linked together via hydrogen bonding to form layers that are stacked in a brickwork-like pattern. The comparative study of some sandwich complexes elucidates that the interface of the β-CD dimer has a stronger inclusion capacity than the cavity of β-CD for some suitable planar guest molecules. The novel inclusion structure results from the competitive inclusion of α-naphthylacetic acid and ethanol.

Ag/Mg-Al-O Composite for Low Temperature NO_xStorage

WANG Tian-you*, LU Zhen, YANG Sheng-hua and SUN Kai

2011, 27(5): 734-738.

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Ag/Mg-Al-O composite was prepared by the calcination of Ag-containing Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like compound and metallic Ag supported on periclase phase Mg-Al-O was obtained. The as-prepared Ag/Mg-Al-O composite exhibits good NOx storage capability in a relatively low temperature range of 150―300 °C. The highest NOx storage capability of 7.3 mg/g was achieved at 150 °C, while a lower NOx storage capability of 5.1 mg/g was achieved at 300 °C. Meanwhile, ca. 25% of NOx was observed to decompose to N2 at 300 °C. In situ FTIR results suggest that NOx mainly stored in Ag/Mg-Al-O catalyst in the form of bridging nitrites located on periclase phase Mg-Al-O.

Synthesis of Zinc Blende CdTe Nanocrystals and Facile Shape Conversion from Multipods to Dot-shaped Particles

SHEN Huai-bin, XING Ming, LI Lin-song, WANG Hong-zhe* and CHEN Xia*

2011, 27(5): 739-741.

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Branched CdTe nanocrystals with zinc blende structure were directly synthesized in the early growth stage at a high initial concentration of cadmium precursor and a high molar ratio of Cd precursor to Te precuesor. Activation of the cadmium precursor by octadecylamine was found to be critical for the formation of branched CdTe nanocrystals. Furthermore, these as-prepared CdTe nanocrystals can evolve into nearly monodisperse dots through Ostwald ripening and still keep strong photoluminescence. These results manifest a new route to synthesize branch- and dot-shaped CdTe nanocrystals with zinc blende structure.

PDMS Rod-SBSE System Coupled with Gas Chromatography for Determination of PAHs in Aqueous Samples

CHENG Chuan-xian, PEI Hai-rong and LAN Xiao-zheng*

2011, 27(5): 742-745.

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A method for the analysis of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in aqueous samples has been established by polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) rod aided stir bar sorptive extraction(SBSE). The homemade PDMS rod has a size of 30 mm?3 mm o.d. with a volume of ca. 200 ?L, stable in thermal desorption process. The enriched PAHs by the PDMS rod were released in a homemade thermal desorption system coupled with gas chromatography. Experimental parameters for extraction of six PAHs were optimized including extraction time, pH, ionic strength and temperature of solution. The procedure has good recoveries of 80.0%―100.3% and very low limits of detection of 4.0―33 ng/L. PAHs in rain and river water were analyzed by this method.

Determination of Matrine and Oxymatrine in Radix Sophorae Flavescentis by Resonance Rayleigh Scattering, Second-order Scattering and Frequency Doubling Scattering Technique

SONG Yan-qi, LIU Shao-pu, LIU Zhong-fang and HU Xiao-li*

2011, 27(5): 746-749.

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In 0.1 mol/L HCl medium, 12-tungstophosphoric(TP) acid reacted with matrine(Mat) and oxymatrine(Oxy) to form an ion-association complex. As a result, the new spectra of resonance Rayleigh scattering(RRS), second-order scattering(SOS) and frequency doubling scattering(FDS) appeared and their intensities were enhanced greatly. The maximum scattering wavelengths of RRS, SOS and FDS were located at 370, 670 and 390 nm, respectively. The increments of scattering intensity were directly proportional to the concentration of Mat and Oxy in a certain range. Based on this, the method for the determination of matrine and oxymatrine has been established. It has been applied to the determination of matrine and oxymatrine in samples of Radix sophorae flavescentis with satisfactory result. The reaction mechanism and reasons of RRS enhancement were discussed.

Lysophosphatidylcholine Biomarkers of Lung Cancer Detected by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

DONG Jun, CAI Xiao-ming, ZOU Li-juan, CHEN Cheng, XUE Xing-ya, ZHANG Xiu-li* and LIANG Xin-miao*

2011, 27(5): 750-755.

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Centrifugal ultrafiltration after methanol extraction of whole plasma was used as an optimal condition for the preparation of blood plasma before metabonomic studies. The plasma samples from 102 lung cancer patients and 34 healthy volunteers were prepared with this approach. With ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC) coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(Q-TOF MS) analysis, the samples were investigated in order to find potential disease biomarkers. After data acquisition, orthogonal signal correction partial least squares models were built to differentiate the healthy volunteers from lung cancer patients and to identify metabolites that showed significantly different expression between the two groups. Several metabolite ions were identified as potential biomarkers according to the variable importance in the project(VIP) value in both ion modes. Five lysophosphatidylcholines were further identified as specifically lysoPC 16:0, isomer of lysoPC 16:0, lysoPC 18:0, lysoPC 18:1 and lysoPC 18:2. These results suggest that UPLC coupled with Q-TOF MS is an effective technique for the analysis of plasma metabolites in metabonomic studies.

HPLC Fingerprint with Multi-components Analysis for Quality Consistency Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Si-Mo-Tang Oral Liquid Preparation

YI Yue-neng, CHENG Xue-mei, LIU Ling-an, HU Gao-yun, CAI Guang-xian, DENG Yi-de, HUANG Ke-long* and WANG Chang-hong*

2011, 27(5): 756-763.

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Si-Mo-Tang(SMT) oral liquid preparation, a traditional Chinese medicine, was prepared from four crude herbal drugs, Fructus Aurantii Submaturus, Radix Aucklandiae, Semen Arecae and Radix Linderae Aggregatae. A combinative method using HPLC fingerprint and quantitative analysis was developed and validated for quality consistency evaluation of SMT. Individual HPLC chromatograms were evaluated against the mean chromatogram generated via a similarity evaluation computer program. Data from chromatographic fingerprints were also processed with principal component analysis(PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA). Additionally, six components (naringin, isonaringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, norisoboldine and potassium sorbate) in SMT were simultaneously determined to interpret the quality consistency. For fingerprint analysis, 20 peaks were selected as the characteristic peaks to evaluate the similarities of 26 SMT collected from different manufacturers. Among the 20 characteristic peaks, 10 peaks were assigned to be naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, isonaringin, neoeriocitrin, tangeretin, nobiletin, norisoboldine, 5-(ethoxymethyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde and potassium sorbate, respectively. The results of similarity analysis, PCA and HCA, indicate that the samples from different manufacturers were consistent with each other in composition. The results from the quantitative data show that the contents of six compounds were significantly different in SMT oral liquid preparations from different manufacturers. The combinative method of chromatographic fingerprint with quantitative analysis developed here offered an efficient way for the quality consistency evaluation of the traditional Chinese medicine SMT.

Simple and Rapid Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction Followed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Determination of Drug-protein Binding

XI Guo-chen, HU Shuang and BAI Xiao-hong*

2011, 27(5): 764-768.

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A method was established using hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction(HF-LPME) followed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) to determine the concentration of the free(unbound) drug in the solution of the drug and protein. Measurements of drug-protein binding ratios and free drug concentrations were then analyzed with the Klotz equation to determine the equilibrium binding constant and number of binding sites for drug-protein interaction. The optimized method allows one to perform the efficient extraction and separation of free drug from protein-bound drug, protein, and other interfering substances. This approach was used to characterize the binding of the anticholinergic drugs atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide to proteins in human plasma and bovine serum albumin(BSA). The results demonstrate the utility of HF-LPME method for measuring free drug concentrations in protein-drug mixtures and determining the protein binding parameters of a pharmacologically important class of drugs.

Coumarin Based Neutral Sensor for Biologically Important Anions

SHAO Jie*

2011, 27(5): 769-772.

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A coumarin Shiff-base derivative, salicylaldehyde-N-(6-phenylazo-coumarin-3-formyl)-hydrazone(1), was obtained by simple organic synthesis from cheap and commercially available starting materials. Sensor 1 exhibits a very weak fluorescence emission, however, in the presence of acetate ions “turn-on” fluorescence is observed, which results from binding-induced conformational restriction of the fluorophore. Importantly, sensor 1 can also be used as colorimetric chemosensor for the anions with strong basicity, which is easily observed from yellow to red by naked eyes. Consequently, compound 1 can behave as a colorimetric and fluorescence sensor for biologically important F–, CH3COO– and H2PO4– in the presence of the other anions tested such as Cl–, Br– and I– in dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO).

Studies on Fragmentation of Peptide by Nano-electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Multi-stage Tandem Mass Spectrometry

SHI Ying, LIU Ning, SONG Feng-rui, LIU Zhi-qiang* and LIU Shu-ying

2011, 27(5): 773-776.

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The sequence analysis of peptides was performed by nano-electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance tandem mass spectrometry(Nano-ESI-FT-ICR-MSn) and several peptides were chosen as examples. With the aid of the collision induced dissociation(CID), FT-ICR provides not only precise mass/charge ratio, but also structure information of the selected peptides. The fragment ions were identified according to the observed molecular weights and peptide sequence was determined successfully. So Nano-ESI-FT-ICR-MSn is a useful tool for identification of the amino acid sequence of peptides with high confidence. Besides, a pathway for the dehydration of y ions without amino acids containing carboxylic acid under sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation(SORI-CID) condition was proposed.

Dioxyxanthones from Polygala hongkongensis and Their Cytotoxicity

WU Jian-feng*, TU Peng-fei, ZHAN Hai-tao and GAO Jing-chun

2011, 27(5): 777-779.

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Two new dioxyxanthones, polyhongkongenoxanthones A and B(1 and 2) were isolated from the herbs of Polygala hongkongensis, together with six known xanthones. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. The isolates were tested for their cytotoxicity against three tumor cell lines(HepG2, GLC-82 and MCF-7, HepG2=human hepatocellular carcinoma cells; GLC-82=human lung carcinoma cells; MCF-7= human breast carcinoma cells) by MTT assay, among which polyhongkongenoxanthone B(2), 1,7-dihydroxy-2,3- methylenedioxyxanthone(3) and 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4,8-trimethoxyxanthone(6) are potential antitumor candidate due to their significant cytotoxic effects on the three cell lines..

Lewis Acidic Guanidinium Ionic Liquids: Novel, Efficient and Recyclable Catalysts for Aminolysis of Epoxides

CAO Jun-gang, CAO Hui-min, LIN Ying-jie, LIANG Da-peng, DUAN Hai-feng*, HAN Song-yang and ZHAO Xue-zhong*

2011, 27(5): 780-783.

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Lewis acidic guanidinium ionic liquid(LAGIL) 2c was used as a novel, efficient and recyclable catalyst for aminolysis of epoxides under solvent-free and room temperature conditions, giving the corresponding β-amino alcohols with moderate to excellent regioselectivity(up to 91:9) in high yields(up to 97%). In addition, LAGIL 2c was recycled three times without any loss of catalytic activity and selectivity to the product.

Reduction of Aromatic α-Keto Esters by Commercially Available Zinc Dust and Ammonium Formate: Formation of Aromatic α-Hydroxy Esters

CHEN Gang, YAO Guo-xin, SONG Guang-wei and ZHU Jin-tao*

2011, 27(5): 784-786.

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Various aromatic α-keto esters were rapidly and selectively reduced to aromatic α-hydroxy esters by commercially available zinc dust and ammonium formate in the presence of other functional groups such as halogens, methoxy and esters.

Design and Synthesis of 3-Substituedmethylenethiochroman-4-ones as Anticancer Agents

MA Zheng-yue, ZHANG Xing-hua, LI Chun-na, ZHENG Ya-jun, YANG Geng-liang*, WANG Shi-kui and HE Yang

2011, 27(5): 787-791.

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A series of 3-substituedmethylenethiochroman-4-ones was designed and synthesized, and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, IR, UV and elemental analysis. The results of their anticancer activity studies show that almost all 3-chloromethylenethiochroman-4-ones exhibit high anticancer activities and their activities are all better than reference cisplatin. Their IC50 against cancer cells is in a range of 0.80―9.17 μg/mL. Thus they could be promising candidates for anticancer drugs. However, compound 5 has no activity against cancer cells, thus chloromethylene at the 3 position of thiochroman-4-ones seems to play an important role in observed anticancer activities.

Highly Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst HBF₄?SiO₂ Catalyzed Synthesis of β-Enamino Compounds Under Solvent-free Conditions

GAO Han, JIA Xu-dong, DUAN Hai-feng*, LIN Ying-jie*, GAO Jun-gang, LIANG Da-peng and WU Mao-cheng

2011, 27(5): 792-794.

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Fluoroboric acid adsorbed on silica-gel(HBF4?SiO2) has been found to be an extremely efficient and recyclable catalyst for the preparation of β-enaminones and β-enamino esters under solvent-free conditions.

Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of a Two-core Ruthenium Carbene Complex: a Unique Catalyst for Ring Closing Metathesis Reaction

SHAO Ming-bo and WANG Jian-hui*

2011, 27(5): 795-798.

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The reaction of a ruthenium carbide complex RuCl2(C:)(PCy3)2 with [H(Et2O)x]+[BF4]– at a molar ratio of 1:2 produced a two-core ruthenium carbene complex, {[RuCl(=CHPCy3)(PCy3)]2(μ-Cl)3}+·[BF4]–, in the form of a yellow-green crystalline solid in a yield of 94%. This two-core ruthenium complex is a selective catalyst for ring closing metathesis of unsubstituted terminal dienes. More importantly, no isomerized byproduct was observed for N-substrates when the two-core ruthenium complex was used as the catalyst at an elevated temperature(137 °C), indicating that the complex is a chemo-selective catalyst for ring closing metathesis reactions.

Novel, Green, Simple and Uncatalyzed Route for High Yield Preparation of Benzaldehyde Glycol Acetal

TANG Jia, SONG Ji-yuan, WANG Ge*, YANG Mu and GUO Wan-chun

2011, 27(5): 799-802.

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A simple approach for the condensation of benzaldehyde with ethylene glycol was adopted without employing any catalyst. The study reveals that factors including temperature, molar ratio of reactants, and the water removal significantly influence the conversion ratio of benzaldehyde. The results indicate that the use of optimal reaction conditions such as temperature and water removing exhibits more pronounced effects on the conversion ratio of benzaldehyde compared with the use of catalysts. In a word, a green and simple method for the condensation of aldehyde and menthandiol has been devised and investigated.

Synthesis and Bacteriostatic Activity and Antifouling Capability of Benzamide Derivatives Containing Capsaicin

CONG Wei-wei and YU Liang-min*

2011, 27(5): 803-807.

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Five benzamide deriatives containing capsaicin were synthesized which have similar structures to capsaicin. Their yield was high. The monomers synthesized were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and MS spectroscopy. Characterization data are in agreement with the proposed structures of the products. These five compounds exhibit bacterial inhibition and N-[4-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-(methylthio)benzyl]benzamide(HMMBBA), for instance, shows that the minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC) of HMMBBA are 0.125 and 0.25 mg/mL on Staphyloccocus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. A static test site was set up in the eighth harbor to investigate the antifouling effectiveness of the five new antifoulants. Five-month exposure experiments were performed on sets of panels coated with each of antifouling coatings, and the results were compared to that of the test panel without antifouling coating. Test boards with antifouling coating were covered with just a macroscopic fouling organism such as Balanus. The results of the present paper demonstrate that new antifoulants represent an alternative to the biocidal antifouling paint.

Synthesis and Immunosuppressive Activity of New Amino Alcohols Derivatives(II)

CUI Lin-lin, MI Hao-yu, ZHANG Qun-li, WANG Wei-wei, YANG Li-juan, LIANG Yong-tao* and WANG En-si*

2011, 27(5): 808-812.

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A series of new amino alcohols derivatives was synthesized with 6-bromo-2-tetralone as starting material, 6-substituted-2-tetralone as intermediate and Ullmann reaction, Suzuki reaction and spiro-hydantoin hydrolysis as key steps. The structures of key intermediate and target compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and MS. Bioactivity researches show that the target compounds have certain inhibition effects on mice peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Novel Selenium-containing Human Single-chain Variable Fragment with Glutathione Peroxidase Activity from Computer-aided Molecular Design

WANG Cheng, WAN Pei, GONG Ping-sheng, Lü Li-min, XU Ya-wei, ZHAO Yang, HE Bo, ZHAO Gang, YAN Gang-lin*, MU Ying*, Lü Shao-wu and LUO Gui-min

2011, 27(5): 813-819.

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In order to enhance the glutathione peroxidase(GPX) catalytic activity of the selenium-containing single-chain variable fragments(Se-scFv), a novel human scFv was designed on the basis of the structure of human antibody and optimized via bioinformatics methods such as homologous sequence analysis, three-dimensional(3D) model building, binding-site analysis and docking. The DNA sequence of the new human scFv was synthesized and cloned into the expression vector pET22b(+), then the scFv protein was expressed in soluble form in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified by Ni2+-immobilized metal affinity chromatography(IMAC). The serine residue of scFv in the active site was converted into selenocysteine(Sec) with the chemical modification method, thus, the human Se-scFv with GPX activity was obtained. The GPX activity of the Se-scFv protein was characterized. Compared with other Se-scFv, the new human Se-scFv showed similar efficiency for catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide by glutathione. It exhibited pH and temperature dependent catalytic activity and a typical ping-pong kinetic mecha- nism.

In Vitro and In Vivo Effects and Safety Assessment of Corn Peptides on Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activities

LI Hong-mei, WEN Lian-kui, LI Shi-jun, ZHANG Da-li and LIN Bai-song*

2011, 27(5): 820-826.

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The in vitro and in vivo effects of corn peptides(CPs) prepared from corn gluten meal by proteolysis with an alkaline protease and fractions of CPs from Sephadex G-15 and G-10 columns on activities of alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) were studied. The results show that CPs and fraction 3 of CPs from Sephadex G-10 column enhance in vitro ADH activity. Furthermore, the in vitro accelerating effect of the fraction 3 of CPs on ADH activity was superior to that of glutathione, which was also found even in the presence of ADH inhibitor, such as pyrazole. In the in vivo experiments, the animals were fed with different dosages of CPs and with a dose of Chinese distilled spirit orally, and sacrificed for the measurement of ADH activity. In vivo experimental results indicate that CPS enhanced hepatic ADH activities. To test the safety of CPs as health food, 30 d feeding test was performed. No obvious toxic effects were detected in treated Wistar rats.

Apoptosis of Glioblastoma U251 Cells Induced by Carmustine Combined All-trans Retinoic Acid via Regulating Cyclin E and p27kip 1

QI Bin, WEI Jun, HU Guo-zhang, YANG Hong-fa, BI Chun-hua, SUN Zhi-gang* and TIAN Yu*

2011, 27(5): 827-831.

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The effect and mechanism of carmustine(BCNU) combined with all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA) on the apoptosis of human glioblastoma U251 cells were investigated by means of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphe- nyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. The results show that BCNU or ATRA shows time- and dose-dependent inhibition effects on human glioblastoma U251 cells and the combination of BCNU with ATRA shows an synergistic inhibition effect on human glioblastoma U251 cells, and the combined BCNU and ATRA can significantly inhibit the proliferation of human glioblastoma U251 cells, and induce the apoptosis of them, making the cells arrest in the stage of G1 phase, the stage of S and G2 phases decline, the rate of the apoptosis of human glioblastoma U251 cells increase, the corresponding mRNA expression of cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 2(CDK2) downregulated and the correspon- ding mRNA expression of p27kip 1 unregulated. In addition, the combined BCNU and ATRA reduced the protein expression of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB). Taken together, these results suggest that the treatment of human glioblastoma U251 cells with a combination application of ATRA and BCNU can exert synergistic effect, the course of this kind of combination chemotherapy may likely be associated with multiple molecular mechanisms for apoptosis, furthermore, the cyclin E and p27kip 1 should be considered as novel targets for controlling the growth of glioblastoma cells.

RGDC Peptide Modified Quantum Dots Lablling and Imaging in Tumour Cells

GUO Yi, LI Chun-rong, SHEN Huai-bin, ZHANG Xue-zhong, LI Lin-song*, YU Qian* and XU Li*

2011, 27(5): 832-835.

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The labelling and imaging of tumor cells were investigated via arginine-glycine-aspartic acid- cysteine(RGDC) peptide-labelled quantum dots(QDs). The results show that RGDC modified QDs can label SMMC-7721 tumor cells and adhere to cellular membrane. In constrast, the unmodified QDs are mainly dispersed around the cell. We also found that the RGDC-QDs can penetrate into the cell at 2 h of incubation. After 6 h of incubation, RGDC-QDs can accumulate in a unique intracellular region.

Induction of Effective Antitumor Immune Response by Combined Administration of hIL-18 and NDV HN

HUANG Hai-yan, MENG Xiang-wei, LI Xiao, SUN Li-li, KAN Shi-fu, LIU Lei, PIAO Bing-guo, YANG Guo-hua, WANG Zhuo-yue, WANG Yu-hang, QI Yan-xin and JIN Ning-yi*

2011, 27(5): 836-840.

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To analyze the antitumor potential and mechanism of action of simultaneous Newcastle disease virus (NDV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase(HN) and human interleukin 18(hIL-18) gene transfer in C57BL/6 mice with H22 hepatoma，the mouse model with H22 hepatoma was established in C57BL/6 mice, and the antitumor effects of the combined application of NDV HN and hIL-18 were evaluated in vivo. The results show that the growth of established tumors in mice immunized with adenovirus(Ad)-HN in conjunction with Ad-hIL-18 was significantly inhibited compared with that in mice immunized with Ad-HN, Ad-hIL-18 alone, or the empty vector(Ad-mock). Furthermore, the immunization of mice with Ad-HN in conjunction with Ad-hIL-18 elicited strong natural killer activity and H22 tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte(CTL) responses in vivo. In addition, T cells from the lymph nodes of mice immunized with Ad-hIL-18 or Ad-HN+Ad-hIL-18 secreted high levels of the Th1 cytokine IL-2 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), indicating that the regression of tumor cells is related to a Th1-type dominant immune response. These results demonstrate that vaccination with NDV HN together with hIL-18 may be a novel and powerful strategy for cancer immunotherapy.

Molecular Basis for Stereospecific Hydrolysis of Ethyl Mandelate by Thermophilic Esterase

ZHANG Guo-yan, TAO Jin, ZHENG Liang-yu and CAO Shu-gui*

2011, 27(5): 841-844.

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The stereospecific hydrolysis of mandelate can be effectively catalyzed by hyperthermophilic acylpeptide esterase APE 1547(Aeropyrum pernix esterase 1547). APE 1547 used in this reaction showed a remarkable stereodiscrimination in favour of R-mandelic acid(99% e.e.) with an enantiomeric ratio E>200. The results of computer simulation are consistent with the experimental results. It can be inferred that the R-substrate adopted a binding mode productive of the reaction due to the formation of the hydrogen bond at the active site of APE 1547.

Ultrasound-promoted Lipase-catalyzed Enantioselective Transesterification of (R,S)-Glycidol

AN Bai-yi, XIE Xiao-na, XUN Er-na, WANG Jia-xin, WANG Ren, SUN Ruo-xi, WANG Lei* and WANG Zhi*

2011, 27(5): 845-849.

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Enantioselective transesterification of glycidol with vinyl butyrate as an acyl donor was investigated in the presence of Bacillus subtilis lipase(BSL2) as catalyst. Comparison studies demonstrate the advantage of ultrasound over the conventional shaking for the enzymatic reaction in non-aqueous media. The effects of reaction conditions(ultrasound power, temperature, water activity and pH) on the activity and enantioselectivity were also investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the synthetic activity of BSL2 was 2.95 μmol·min?1·mg?1 and the enantioselectivity(E value) was 52.2. Compared with conventional shaking, ultrasound made the synthetic activity and the enantioselectivity increase 9.5-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively. Furthermore, the repeated use of BSL2 for five cycles resulted in no obvious loss of enzyme activity, suggesting that the enzyme is stable under low power ultrasound conditions.

Extraction of Heavy Metals from Solid Material by Supercritical CO₂

YU Hong-quan, ZHANG Yu, WU Bin, YANG Nan-nan, YANG Xiao-ning* and LIU Xing-ji*

2011, 27(5): 850-853.

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Extraction of heavy metal ions from solid matrix by means of an incorporation of chelating agents with supercritical carbon dioxide(scCO2) was investigated experimentally. Four commercially available chelating agents, diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate(Et2NH2DDC), trifluoroacetylacetone(TFA), hexafluoroacetylacetone(HFA) and thenoyltrifluoroacetone(TTA) were tested. The extraction experiments were conducted at 50 °C and 1.39×107― 2.80×107 Pa. According to the experimental results, for the extraction of Cu2+, all the chelating agents investigated here are effective. For other metal ions, such as Pb2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+, Et2NH2DDC exhibited a better extraction result, while other chelating agents were less effective. This investigation is expected to provide a tentative evaluation on the scCO2-based metal extraction from solid media.

Raman and Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering of Chlorophenols

SONG Wei, SHANG Xiao-hong, LU Yong, LIU Bing-bing and WANG Xu*

2011, 27(5): 854-856.

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Raman spectrum is a powerful analytical tool for determining the chemical information of compounds. In this study, we obtained analytical results of chlorophenols(CPs) molecules including 4-chlorophenol(4-CP), 2,6-dich- lorophenol(2,6-DCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol(2,4,6-TCP) on the surface of Ag dendrites by surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) spectra. SEM images indicate that the SERS substrate of Ag dendrites is composed of a large number of polygonal nanocrystallites, which self-assembled into a 3D hierarchical structure. It was found that there were distinct differences for those three molecules from Raman and SERS spectra. This indicates that SERS could be a new tool of detection technique regarding trace amounts of CPs.

Electrical Conductivity of Alkaline-reduced Graphene Oxide

WANG Huan, TIAN Hong-wei, WANG Xin-wei, QIAO Liang, WANG Shu-min, WANG Xing-li, ZHENG Wei-tao* and LIU Yi-chun

2011, 27(5): 857-861.

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A green route using a very simple and straightforward ultrasonic process under alkaline conditions, rather than a general chemical reduction process using hydrazine, was utilized to obtain the hydrophilic reduced graphene oxide(RGO) sheets, via removing oxygen functional groups from graphene oxide(GO) and repairing the aromatic structure. It is found that the conductivity of the obtained RGO could be tuned by changing pH value in alkaline solution, and the current-voltage(I-V) curves of both GO and RGO are nonlinear and slightly asymmetric. Under the same applied voltage, the current of RGO is much larger than that of GO, indicating a pronounced increase in the electrical conductivity of RGO, compared to that of GO.

Size-dependent Amplified Spontaneous Emission from Organic Crystal Slabs

YANG Jie, DING Ran, WANG Rui, LIU Chang-jiang, LI Ai-wu, YU Yong-sen, WANG Ji-ping* and YANG Han*

2011, 27(5): 862-865.

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The authors investigated size-dependent amplified spontaneous emission(ASE) from organic crystals. Specifically, N-(4-{4-[4-(diphenylamino)styryl]styryl}phenyl)-N-phenylbenzene amine(Ph-TPA2) organic crystals were used in the experiment. The ASE threshold was decreased with the decrease of the width of the crystal at the same gain length, which reflects that total internal reflection plays an important role on the ASE properties in these slab organic crystals. The ASE properties pumped by one- and two-photon were also comparatively studied. We found that the thresholds of ASE in two-photon pumping condition are less size-dependent than those in single- photon condition because of the nonlinear light generation processes in two-photon absorption processes.

Propylene Epoxidation by Dioxygen over Catalyst Copper-loaded TiO₂

JIN Qiang-wei, WANG Kai-xue, WANG Jian-qiang, LI Xiao-bei and CHEN Jie-sheng*

2011, 27(5): 866-869.

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A copper-TiO2 based catalyst(Cu-OH-Cl-TiO2) was prepared through a slurry impregnation approach and the catalyst was found to be active and selective for the epoxidation of propylene by dioxygen. With a feed gas of 10% C3H6, 10% O2 and 80% N2 at a gas hourly space velocity(GHSV) of 4000 h–1, a propylene conversion of 4.8% and a propylene oxide(PO) selectivity of 38.9% were achieved over the obtained Cu-OH-Cl-TiO2 catalyst at a reaction temperature of 500 K. It revealed that Cu2+ provided by crystalline Cu2(OH)3Cl plays a key role in catalytic conversion of propylene to PO.

Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Behavior of p-NiO/n-TiO₂/Polyaniline Composites

CUI Kun, DING Guang-zhu, CHEN Shi-fu and LIU Jie-ping*

2011, 27(5): 870-874.

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The p-NiO/n-TiO2/polyaniline composites were synthesized via in situ polymerization of aniline. The structure and morphology of the composites were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. It was found that the p-n junction p-NiO/n-TiO2 particles were trapped in the polyaniline molecular matrix and the polyaniline was deposited on the surface of the particles to form a kind of flower cluster morphologies. The electrochemical behavior of the polyaniline composites was investigated. The electrochemical reactivity of the polyaniline was influenced by the p-NiO/n-TiO2 particles due to the effect of electron-hole pairs in these p-n junction particles. The reversibility of redox process and current intensity of the polyaniline composites with the changing of potential scan rate were also discussed.

Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor Based on Horseradish Peroxidase Combined with CaCO₃ Microspheres and Gold Nanoparticles

ZHENG Li*, JIANG Feng-hua, MA Guang-ran, ZHUANG Qian-fen and LI Feng*

2011, 27(5): 875-879.

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Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of horseradish peroxidase(HRP) were achieved by entrapping the enzyme between CaCO3 microspheres and gold nanoparticles through forming sandwich configuration (CaCO3-HRP-AuNPs). Polyanion, poly(styrene sulfonate)(PSS), was hybrid with CaCO3 microspheres to increase the surface negative charges for binding with HRP through electrostatic interaction. After the bioconjugate CaCO3 PSS-HRP was entrapped in chitosan based sol-gel(CS-GPTMS) film, HRP was encapsulated by in situ formation of an outer layer of AuNPs through electrochemical reduction of HAuCl4. The composite film containing AuNPs, CaCO3-PSS-HRP bioconjugates and CS-GPTMS can provide favorable microenvironment for HRP to perform direct electron transfer at glassy carbon electrode(GCE). HRP retained its bioelectrocatalytic activity and lead to sensitive and fast amperometric response for the determination of H2O2. H2O2 could be detected in a very wide linear range from 5.0×10–6 mol/L to 7.1×10–2 mol/L. The sandwich configuration of CaCO3-biomolecules-AuNPs could serve as a versatile platform for enzyme immobilization and biosensing.

Relative Permittivities for Glucose+Glycine+Water Solution at 278.15 to 313.15 K

ZHUO Ke-lei*, LIU Qian-ge, LIU Hong-xun, LI Na-na and CHEN Yu-juan

2011, 27(5): 880-885.

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The relative permittivities(ε) for the glucose+glycine+water mixtures were measured at temperatures of 278.15 to 313.15 K. The experimental values for a complete data set were critically analyzed. The experimental va- lues were fitted to some empirical equations as the functions of temperature and/or compositions of the solution. At given temperatures and compositions of glycine, the dependences of the relative permittivities on the molar fraction of glucose(Glc) and glycine(Gly) can be described by a linear or quadratic equation, respectively. A comparison of the εGlc values of glucose solution with the εGla values of galactose solution indicates that the relative permittivities of the ternary solutions containing glucose are smaller than those containing galactose under the same conditions. This difference arises from the slight difference in the stereo-structures of the saccharide molecules.

Kinetic Studies on Aniline-catalyzed Carbohydrate Oxime Formation via Real-time NMR

WANG Wen-jun, CAO Chen-ming, JIN Chen, WANG Xin* and WANG George-peng

2011, 27(5): 886-890.

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The authors investigated an aniline-catalyzed method to accelerate the reaction between equimolar redu- cing glycans and hydroxylamines. The rate-constants determined by real-time NMR were associated with the equivalence ratio of aniline rather than the concentration. Conjugates of oligosaccharide with hydroxylamine can be obtained in high efficiency at pH=5.4.

Linear and Nonlinear QSPR Models for Predicting Thermal Stabilities of Nitroaromatic Compounds

SANG Peng, ZOU Jian-wei*, XU Lin and ZHOU Peng

2011, 27(5): 891-895.

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Quantitative structure-property relationships(QSPRs) have been developed to predict the thermal stability for a set of 22 nitroaromatic compounds by means of the theoretical descriptors derived from electrostatic potentials on molecular surface. Several techniques, including partial least squares regression(PLS), least-squares support vector machine(LSSVM) and Gaussian process(GP) have been utilized to establish the relationships between the structural descriptor and the decomposition enthalpy. The nonlinear LSSVM and GP models have proven to own a better predictive ability than the linear PLS method. Moreover, owing to its ability to handle both linear- and nonlinear-hybrid relationship, GP gives a stronger fitting ability and a better predictive power than LSSVM, and therefore could be well applied to developing QSPR models for the thermal stability of nitroaromatic explosives.

Pore-filling Three-dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Polyimide Composite Proton Conducting Membranes

DAI Xin, GENG Lei, LIU Dan, Lü Chang-li* and YANG Bai*

2011, 27(5): 896-899.

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The silica opal templates were prepared from three silica colloids of different diameters of 230 nm, 500 nm and 1.5 mm by a filtration route. The large-scale stable opal template membranes after sintering the deposited SiO2 opal template can be successfully obtained by optimizing the pH value and NaCl concentration in silica colloidal solutions. The three-dimensionally ordered macroporous(3DOM) polyimide membranes without crack were fabricated by reproducing the structure of silica opal template. We prepared the pore-filling composite proton exchange membranes by filling the 3DOM structure with proton conducting organosilane sol. The result indicates that the composite membranes exhibit higher water uptake than pure filling organosilane gel. The proton conductivity increased with the increasing of pore cell in composite membranes.

Synthesis of Flowerlike Zn Nanoplate Aggregates by Vapor Deposition

RUAN Wei-dong, YANG You-ming, ZHOU Tie-li, NIU Li, ZHANG Xin-dong*, TAO Yan-chun, LOMBARDI John R. and ZHAO Bing*

2011, 27(5): 900-902.

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Synthesis of flowerlike Zn nanoplate aggregates by vapor deposition is reported. Zn, ZnO and activated carbon powders were used as evaporation sources. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy were employed to characterize the samples. The obtained flowerlike nanostructures had high-crystalline, super-thin and crystallographic-oriented nanopetals. The two-dimensional structures of Zn nanoplates have potential application in sensor and nanodevices.

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