Identification and Evaluation of a Panel of Ginsenosides from Different Red Ginseng Extracts with Nootropic Effect

doi:10.1007/s40242-018-7422-9

Abstract

Abstract: Red ginseng has been gradually discovered to have pharmacological and physiological effects. It is well known that the most important bioactive components of ginseng are ginsenosides. The nootropic effect of ginsenosides from nine different red ginseng extracts was evaluated here. Nine groups of mice were perfused with different concentrations of nine red ginseng extracts, respectively, and two groups of mice with distilled water. The nootropic effect of ginsenosides on mice was evaluated with behavior tests and a biochemical indicator study. The extracts were identified by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(RRLC-Q-TOF-MS). Furthermore, principal component analysis(PCA) was used to analyze the contribution of chemical components from different ginseng groups. The extracts with the most and the weakest effective nootropic were found. It is notable that extract processing is a very important factor to decide pharmacological functions of ginseng extracts. As a conclusion, the most effective extract method for ginsenosides has been found. A panel of 13 ginsenosides has been screened out as chemical markers with nootropic effect, which include high level ginsenosides Ra0, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, Re, Rd, and Rg1 and low level ginsenosides mRb1, mRc, mRb2, mRd, and F2. Low level ginsenosides were first time to be discovered as possible nootropic compounds. This method may shed light on fast discovery of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants with low level compounds.

Key words: Red ginseng, Ginsenoside, Nootropic effect, Mass spectrometry, Behavior test

DAI Yulin, ZHANG Ying, ZHAO Xu, JEON Youjin, ZHENG Fei, MA Li, YUE Hao. Identification and Evaluation of a Panel of Ginsenosides from Different Red Ginseng Extracts with Nootropic Effect[J]. Chemical Research in Chinese Universities, 2018, 34(3): 375-381.

References

[1] Attele A. S., Wu J. A., Yuan C. S., Biochemical Pharmacology, 1999, 58(11), 1685
[2] Chen C. F., Chiou W. F., Zhang J. T., Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 2008, 29(9), 1103
[3] Yang J., Yu X., Cai X., Chen Y., Zang H., Li X., Jin Y., Chem. Res. Chinese Universities, 2016, 32(1), 35
[4] Park H. J., Food Science and Biotechnology, 2017, 26(2), 467
[5] Ma Y., Liu Y., Wei M., Song F., Liu Z., Pi Z. F., Chem. Res. Chinese Universities, 2015, 31(6), 914
[6] Wan J. Y., Fan Y., Yu Q. T., Ge Y. Z., Yan C. P., Alolga R. N., Li P., Ma Z. H., Qi L. W., Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2015, 107, 89
[7] Kim S. J., Murthy H. N., Hahn E. J., Lee H. L., Paek K. Y., LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2008, 41(6), 959
[8] Assinewe V. A., Baum B. R., Gagnon D., Arnason J. T., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003, 51(16), 4549
[9] Choi R. J., Roy A., Jung H. J., Ali M. Y., Min B. S., Park C. H., Yokozawa T., Fan T. P., Choi J. S., Jung H. A., Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2016, 190, 219
[10] Chu H., Zhang A., Han Y., Lu S., Kong L., Han J., Liu Z., Sun H., Wang X., Journal of Chromatography B, 2016, 1015, 50
[11] Heo J. H., Park M. H., Lee J. H., The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2016, 22(4), 280
[12] Wang Y., Yang G., Gong J., Lu F., Diao Q., Sun J., Zhang K., Tian J., Liu J., Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2016, 16(5), 529
[13] Xia H., Wu L., Chu M., Feng H., Lu C., Wang Q., He M., Ge X., Journal of Chromatography B, 2017, 1057, 92
[14] Xu T., Shen X., Yu H., Sun L., Lin W., Zhang C., Journal of Ginseng Research, 2016, 40(3), 211
[15] Song F., Yu H., International Journal of Pathology and Clinical Medicine, 2010, 4, 13
[16] Yamaguchi Y., Higashi M., Kobayashi H., European Journal of Pharmacology, 1997, 329(1), 37
[17] Liu L., Hoang G. T., Wu H., Lee M. R., Gu L., Wang C., Yun B. S., Wang Q., Ye S., Sung C. K., Brain Research, 2011, 1382, 147
[18] Wang Y., Liu J., Zhang Z., Bi P., Qi Z., Zhang C., Neuroscience Letters, 2011, 487(1), 70
[19] Xue J. F., Liu Z. J., Hu J. F., Chen H., Zhang J. T., Chen N. H., Brain Research, 2006, 1106(1), 91
[20] Kim M., Kim S. O., Lee M., Park Y., Kim D., Cho K. H., Kim S. Y., Lee E. H., Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2014, 38(1), 257
[21] Choi S. S., Lee J. K., Han E. J., Han K. J., Lee H. K., Lee J., Suh H. W., Archives of Pharmacal Research, 2003, 26(5), 375
[22] Lee J. K., Choi S. S., Lee H. K., Han K. J., Han E. J., Suh H. W., Planta Medica, 2003, 69(03), 230
[23] Yang X. L., Guo T. K., Wang Y. H., Huang Y. H., Liu X., Wang X. X., Li W., Zhao X., Wang L. P., Yan S., International Immunopharmacology, 2012, 12(2), 408
[24] Jiang H., Yang Z., Meng Q., Hong T., Chin. Pharm. Bull., 2008, 24, 1399
[25] Xu M., Yin J., Xie L., Zhang J., Zou C., Zou J., Liu F., Ju W., Li P., Phytomedicine, 2013, 20(12), 1105
[26] Fang F., Chen X., Huang T., Lue L. F., Luddy J. S., Yan S. S., Biochimica et Biophysica Acta(BBA):Molecular Basis of Disease, 2012, 1822(2), 286
[27] Song X. Y., Hu J. F., Chu S. F., Zhang Z., Xu S., Yuan Y. H., Han N., Liu Y., Niu F., He X., European Journal of Pharmacology, 2013, 710(1-3), 29
[28] Leung K., Yung K., Mak N., Chan Y., Fan T., Wong R., Neuropharmacology, 2007, 52(3), 827
[29] Shen L., Zhang J., Neurological Research, 2007, 29(3), 270
[30] Dai Y. L., Yu S. S., Zhang Y., Hao Y., Zhong W., Yue H., Liu S. Y., Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2014, 35(7), 1396
[31] Dai Y. L., Qiao M. D., Yu P., Zheng F., Yue H., Liu S. Y., Journal of Ginseng Research, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.001
[32] Chen H., Sun Y., Wortmann A., Gu H., Zenobi R., Analytical Chemistry, 2007, 79(4), 1447
[33] Jackson J. E., Journal of Quality Technology, 1981, 12(4), 201
[34] Sandusky P., Raftery D., Analytical Chemistry, 2005, 77(8), 2455
[35] Vogt F., Mizaikoff B., Journal of Chemometrics, 2003, 17(12), 660
[36] Tian S., Zhou X., Gong H., Ma X., Zhang F., Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2011, 7(25), 4
[37] Papandreou M. A., Tsachaki M., Efthimiopoulos S., Cordopatis P., Lamari F. N., Margarity M., Behavioural Brain Research, 2011, 219(2), 197
[38] Di Y., Tian J., Shi J., J. Chin. Integr. Med., 2011, 9(2), 209
[39] Radad K., Gille G., Moldzio R., Saito H., Rausch W. D., Brain Res., 2004, 1021(1), 41
[40] Lin W. M., Zhang Y. M., Moldzio R., Rausch W. D., Journal of Neural Transmission, 2007, 72, 105
[41] Chen X. C., Chen Y., Zhu Y. G., Fang F., Chen L. M., Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2002, 23(9), 829
[42] Hu J. F., Song X. Y., Chu S. F., Chen J., Ji H. J., Chen X. Y., Yuan Y. H., Han N., Zhang J. T., Chen N. H., Brain Res., 2011, 1374, 8
[43] Choi J. H., Jang M., Nah S. Y., Oh S., Cho I. H., Journal of Ginseng Research, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2018.01.002
[44] Long B. H., Zhang J. Z., Wang X. Y., Tang X. D., Wu Z. Z., Chem. Res. Chinese Universities, 2017, 33(6), 890