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01 August 2025, Volume 41 Issue 4

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Chemical Research in Chinese Universities Vol.41 No.4 August 2025

2025, 41(4):  0-0. 

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Reviews

Syntheses and Photocatalytic Application of Porous Supramolecular Frameworks

LU Chongjiu, GONG Yunnan, ZHONG Dichang, LU Tongbu

2025, 41(4):  655-665.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5074-0

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Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) represent a novel class of porous crystalline materials, constructed by linking organic building blocks through hydrogen-bonding interactions. Characterized by well-defined and tailorable architectures, mild synthetic conditions, facile self-healing, and regenerative capabilities, HOFs have garnered substantial attention across diverse research domains, with particular prominence in photocatalysis. This review systematically summarizes the key merits of HOFs and their applications in photocatalytic systems, encompassing CO₂ reduction, hydrogen evolution, hydrogen peroxide generation, and organic transformation reactions. A specific emphasis is placed on analyzing the structure-performance relationships underpinning their catalytic activities. Finally, future research directions for HOFs are discussed, along with the challenges inherent in their practical implementation for photocatalytic applications.



Optimization Strategies of Smartphone-integrated Intelligent Electrochemical Sensors for Food and Health Monitoring

SUN Jingru, WANG Zhenlu GUAN Jingqi

2025, 41(4):  666-686.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5082-0

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The development of intelligent sensors with enhanced stability and sensitivity is imperative for the expeditious, precise and onsite monitoring of food and health. Because of the widespread popularity, portability and powerful imaging capability of smartphones, smartphone-integrated intelligent sensors have gradually become ideal devices for portable sensing. These sensors rely on diverse sensing materials, including carbon-based nanomaterials, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), MXenes, and single-atom materials (SAMs), offering unique physicochemical properties for target recognition and signal amplification. The sensing performance is predominantly governed by the active sites. However, a systematic review on the optimization strategies of sensing materials is still lacking. Here, we systematically discuss the optimization strategies of the sensing materials, including regulations of nonmetal active sites, metal active sites, metal coordination environment, and defect sites. Then, some emerging sensing materials, MOFs, COFs, MXenes and SAMs are briefly introduced. Subsequently, the applications of intelligent electrochemical sensors in food safety monitoring and health monitoring are summarized. Finally, the development prospects of smartphone-integrated electrochemical sensors are put forward. This review is helpful to the design of sensitive and reliable detection methods based on smartphones.



Transition Metal Sulfide Cocatalysts: Applications and Challenges in Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

ZHOU Yu, WANG Weikang, LI Jinhe, REN Wei, WANG Lele, LIU Qinqin

2025, 41(4):  687-703.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5103-z

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Hydrogen (H₂), as a pivotal zero-carbon energy carrier, plays a critical role in the global energy transition, with its efficient production being paramount. Photocatalytic water splitting, driven by solar energy to produce H₂, is regarded as an ideal pathway for green hydrogen generation. However, its efficiency is still restricted by factors including narrow light-absorption spectra, elevated carrier recombination rates, and slow surface reaction kinetics. Among various strategies for enhancing photocatalytic activity, the development of cocatalyst loading has garnered significant attention due to its remarkable efficiency, stability, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to finely tune its performance. In the pursuit of optimizing catalysts for the green H₂ production, researchers have delved into the design of cocatalysts by focusing on four pivotal aspects:band alignment and interfacial engineering, crystal phase modulation, precise regulation of active sites, and photothermal synergy effects. Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) have emerged as promising alternatives to noble metal cocatalysts, possessing unique electronic structures, tunable active sites, and interfacial synergistic effects. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in TMS-based cocatalysts, including MoS₂, NiS, WS₂, and CuS, for photocatalytic H₂ evolution. Furthermore, addressing practical challenges in TMS applications, we propose future research directions focusing on improving long-term material stability, developing environmentally friendly material designs, enabling low-cost, scalable synthesis, promoting interfacial charge transfer and advancing integrated device engineering. These efforts aim to provide theoretical foundations and technological breakthroughs for constructing efficient, economical, and sustainable solar-tohydrogen conversion systems.



Machine Learning Accelerated Catalyst Design for Advanced Oxidation Processes:Efficient and Streamlined Development

WANG Zhaohui, LI Xin, SONG Wang, WANG Chuqiao, WANG Zihuan, PENG Xiaoming

2025, 41(4):  704-715.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5117-6

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Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) hold great potential in the degradation of pollutants and purification of water quality, but traditional AOPs face challenges, such as high costs, low efficiency, and environmental risks. Machine learning (ML), as a powerful tool, can facilitate the optimization and development of AOPs catalysts. This paper first introduces the development history and advantages of AOPs, then analyzes the dilemmas faced by traditional AOPs, and elaborates on how machine learning can address these issues through means, such as data mining, analysis of descriptor importance, and prediction of catalyst performance. Finally, the paper outlooks on future research directions of machine learning in the field of AOPs, including enhancing data quality, improving model algorithms, designing intelligent systems, and gaining a deeper understanding of mechanisms.



Articles

NiB as a Non-noble Metal Cocatalyst Electronic Bridge to Enhance the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production of Cd₃(C₃N₃S₃)₂

WANG Kangning, YANG Tingting, Graham DAWSON, ZHANG Jinfeng, SHAO Chunfeng, DAI Kai

2025, 41(4):  716-725.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-4257-z

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In the field of photocatalytic hydrogen production using Cd₃(C₃N₃S₃)₂ (CdTMT), it is essential to find an efficient and cost-effective material to replace noble metals, such as platinum (Pt) as cocatalysts. In this study, we utilized NiB as a substitute for precious metals. NiB acts as an electron bridge, facilitating the directional transfer of photo generated electrons within CdTMT. This process allows electrons to combine with hydrogen ions to produce hydrogen gas, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency of the material. The 1%NiB/CdTMT exhibited a good hydrogen production efficiency of 19.71 mmol∙g^-1;∙h^-1; in the experiments, which is 14.07 times that of CdTMT alone. Additionally, we demonstrated through photoluminescence spectroscopy, transient photocurrent response, and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) that NiB effectively suppresses the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, promoting the separation of photogenerated charge carriers. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was conducted to further validate the directional transfer of photogenerated electrons from CdTM through NiB. This work provides unique insights for the rational design and construction of non-noble metal cocatalyst electronic bridge heterojunction photocatalysts.



Efficient CO₂ Photoreduction into Solar Fuels over MoO_3-x/COF S-Scheme Photocatalyst

LIU Chuang, GAO Tengyuan, WANG Guohong, CHENG Qiang WANG Kai

2025, 41(4):  726-733.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5033-9

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The restricted electron transport and slow surface reaction kinetics are two fundamental limitations affecting the photocatalytic efficiency of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). To address these challenges and enhance charge separation, this study utilizes an in-situ growth strategy to incorporate MoO_3-x into COF (denoted as BTTA), forming MoO_3-x/COF composites (MOCOF). These composites demonstrate significantly enhanced solar fuel performance through photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. In-situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron spin resonance analyses confirm the presence of an S-scheme carrier transfer mechanism, which effectively spatially separates photogenerated carriers with substantial redox potential. The nanoarchitecture of MOCOF-2 demonstrates the capability to efficiently convert CO₂ into valuable CO and CH₄ fuels, achieving reduction rates of 8.7 and 4.6 μmol∙g^-1∙h^-1, respectively. This study provides a valuable reference for the rational design of COF-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts aimed at solar fuel production.



Linkage Conversion in Pyrene-based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Promoted Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Generation in a Biphasic System

YU Hong, ZHANG Xuening, CHEN Qian, ZHOU Pan-Ke, XU Fei, WANG Hongqiang, CHEN Xiong

2025, 41(4):  734-740.  doi:10.1007/s40242-024-4213-3

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The photocatalytic synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) from water and oxygen using metal-free catalysts represents a promising approach to H₂O₂ production, offering advantages in terms of reduced environmental impact, energy efficiency, and enhanced safety. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with imine linkages have emerged as a promising class of materials for this purpose, given their structural and functional diversity. However, they often suffer from poor durability, inefficient photogenerated charge separation efficiency, and rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. To address these limitations, a linkage conversion strategy in COFs can be employed to improve both stability and photoactivity. Herein, we demonstrate the conversion of imine bonds into thiazole rings, thereby facilitating charge transfer and enhancing the photocatalytic stability of COFs. This structural modification enables the thiazole-linked COF to maintain stable photocatalysis over a 24-h period, achieving an H₂O₂ production rate of 57.1 µmol/h (per 10 mg). This rate is twice that of the pristine imine-linked COF and surpasses those of most metal-free photocatalysts. This investigation provides novel insights into the development of advanced COF-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic energy conversions.



Hydrothermal Synthesis of Inorganic Imprinted Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ Nanosheets for Efficient Selective Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin

WANG Yufan, ZHOU Guosheng, XU Yangrui, CHENG Yu, SONG Minshan, JIN Jie, LIU Xinlin, LU Ziyang

2025, 41(4):  741-750.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5021-0

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Bismuth titanate shows great potential in the treatment of pollutants due to its good photocatalytic activity and stability. However, the non-selective degradation ability limits its application in pollutant treatment. Here, flake inorganic imprinted bismuth titanate (FII-BTO) with nanosheet structure was prepared by combining the inorganic imprinting technique with hydrothermal method. The formation of specific imprinting cavities on the surface of FII-BTO catalyst could specifically recognize and adsorb ciprofloxacin (CIP), and effectively improved the photoresponse and charge separation efficiency. The photodegradation rate of CIP by FII-BTO is 55.76%, and the reaction kinetic rate was increased by twice. Furthermore, compared with non-imprinted materials, FII-BTO selectively adsorbed CIP with K_selectivity value of 1.81, showing good selective photocatalytic degradation performance. This work provides valuable insights into the development of inorganic imprinting technology for selective degradation of pollutants, and provides promising directions for future catalyst applications.



Synergistic Dual-cocatalyst Modified TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ Heterojunctions for Efficient Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting

CHENG Shuilian, FANG Yuxuan, YANG Siyuan, GAO Qiongzhi, CAI Xin ZHANG Shengsen

2025, 41(4):  751-759.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5063-3

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The development of heterojunction photocatalysts with highly efficient charge separation is essential for achieving solar-driven overall water splitting without sacrificial agents. In this work, a well-defined Type-II TiO₂/g-C₃N₄heterojunction was constructed and co-loaded with Pt nanoparticles and MnO_x as hydrogen and oxygen evolution cocatalysts, respectively, forming a Pt-P/CN-MnX composite. The optimized Pt-P/CN-Mn30 sample exhibited broadened visible-light absorption (up to 600 nm) and a notably reduced charge recombination rate. Under the irradiation of simulated sunlight, it achieved a hydrogen evolution rate of 530.6 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, 10.3, 5.0 and 2.7 times higher than those of g-C₃N₄-Mn3%, P25-Pt2% and P25/CN, respectively, without sacrificial agents. Moreover, the photocatalyst retained over 79.75% of its activity after six cycles, demonstrating excellent stability. Mechanistic analysis revealed efficient spatial charge separation, with electrons transferring from g-C₃N₄ to TiO₂ and holes migrating toward MnO_x. These synergistic effects significantly enhanced redox kinetics. This study presents a novel dual-cocatalyst strategy for multi-interface photocatalysis and provides valuable insights into designing high-performance systems for sustainable water splitting.



Self-reducing Bi in BiVO₄ Photoanode Enhancing Photochemical Water Splitting Performance

YANG Longyue, GUAN Chen XIANG Quanjun

2025, 41(4):  760-770.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5064-2

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Due to the low carrier mobility and surface trap states, the performance of bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) photoanodes in solar-driven water splitting is significantly lower than theoretical predictions. In this study, a Bi-rich/BiVO₄ Schottky junction (hereafter referred to as BVO/Bi) was fabricated via a self-reduction method. This approach not only enhances the transfer of photogenerated charges to the photocathode but also effectively passivates the electron-hole recombination centers on the photoanode surface. Under Air Mass 1.5 Global (AM1.5G) simulated solar illumination, the photocurrent density of BVO/Bi at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) reached 2.6 mA/cm², approximately twice that of pristine BiVO₄ (1.3 mA/cm²). Furthermore, after incorporating nickel iron oxide (NiFeOOH) as a co-catalyst, the hydrogen production efficiency of BVO/Bi increased to 83.4 μmol·h^-1;·cm^-2. This work highlights that simple self-reduction can effectively modulate the surface characteristics and charge transfer kinetics of BiVO₄ photoanodes, offering a promising strategy for advancing more cost-effective and efficient solar water splitting technologies.



Ru Nanoparticles on Mo-MOF with a[Mo₈O₂₆(1-Meim)₂]₄- Structure for Visible Light Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation

SUN Banglun, HOU Changan, ZHAO Xiaona, WANG Chuanjiao, WANG Danhong

2025, 41(4):  771-780.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5066-0

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The band structure of the photocatalysts is recognized as a critical factor in photocatalytic nitrogen fixation. In this study, we developed a simple strategy to load Ru nanoparticles on Mo-MOF-Me with a[Mo₈O₂₆(1-Meim)₂]^4- structure (1-Meim=1-methylimidazole). Both Ru⁰ doping level and Mo⁵⁺ defect level were introduced into the band gap of Mo-MOF-Me, extending visible-light absorption to 700 nm, attributed to the electron transition from Mo⁵⁺ defect level to Ru⁰ doping level. Ru@Mo-MOF-Me exhibits significant enhancement in photocatalytic nitrogen fixation performance compared to Ru@Mo-MOF, owing to the strong electron-donating ability of the methyl group in 1-methylimidazole ligand, resulting in a higher amount of Mo⁵⁺ and a higher valence band, which generates a higher Ru⁰ energy level with energetic electrons as the active centers. Moreover, the Ru⁰ energy levels are lower than the conduction band (CB) of Mo-MOF-Me, accelerating photogenerated electron transfer from the CB of Mo-MOF-Me to Ru⁰ to improve nitrogen reduction activity. This work establishes a clear relationship between the photocatalytic activity and the band structure of Ru@Mo-MOF-Me. These findings provide critical insights into the band structure engineering and underscore the importance of constructing metal-semiconductor heterojunctions for efficient photocatalytic nitrogen fixation.



Fabrication of Ni₃S₄/g-C₃N₄ Heterojunction for Excellent Photocatalytic H₂ Evolution

MA Xinyi, XING Siqian, LU Minghui, LIU Enzhou

2025, 41(4):  781-789.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5072-2

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Nickel-based sulfides have attracted much more interest in field of photocatalytic H₂ evolution due to their potential as alternatives to noble metal-based catalysts. In this study, Ni₃S₄ co-catalyst was synthesized by an alkaline hydrothermal method with precise control over the optimal synthesis temperature. Subsequently, it was deposited onto the surface of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets using a solvent evaporation strategy to obtain 0D/2D Ni₃S₄/g-C₃N₄ composite material. The investigation reveals the optimal H₂ evolution rate of 20% (mass fraction) Ni₃S₄/g-C₃N₄ reaches 17566.25 μmol·g^-1·h^-1 under a 300 W Xe lamp and in a 20% (volume fraction) triethanolamine (TEOA) solution, representing a 158.5-fold enhancement compared to pure g-C₃N₄ (110.13 μmol·g^-1·h^-1). It has been demonstrated that the Ni₃S₄ co-catalyst facilitates transfer of photogenerated electrons, thereby enhancing electrical conductivity and reducing charge transfer resistance in the Ni₃S₄/g-C₃N₄ compared to pure g-C₃N₄. Furthermore, the contact interface between Ni₃S₄ and g-C₃N₄ conforms to a Schottky junction, further enhancing the charge separation efficiency. Additionally, Ni₃S₄ exhibits the ability to adsorb OH^- ions from water, increasing the effective reaction active sites, reducing the H₂-releasing overpotential, and improving the H₂ evolution kinetics of the system.



BiOBr/Cd_0.805Zn_0.195S Nanocomposite with S-Scheme Heterojunction for Efficient and Stable Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Without Co-catalysts

MENG Aoyun, LI Juan, CAO Qianqian, LI Zhenhua, LI Wen, LI Zhen, ZHANG Jinfeng, FU Junwei

2025, 41(4):  790-798.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5081-1

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Due to the issue of energy depletion, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution has gained significant attention in recent years as a sustainable energy conversion technology. However, traditional single photocatalytic materials often face problems of low catalytic activity and stability. To address this challenge, this study proposes novel BiOBr/Cd_0.805Zn_0.195S (BO/CZS) nanocomposite materials, which effectively enhance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution efficiency through an S-scheme heterojunction design. Under visible light without the use of a co-catalyst, pure BO shows almost no photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity, while CZS exhibits a hydrogen evolution rate of 4.0 mmol∙g^-1∙h^-1. The hydrogen evolution rate of the 2% BO loading composite material (2-BO/CZS) significantly increases to 5.9 mmol∙g^-1∙h^-1. Stability tests show that the 2-BO/CZS composite material retains 97% of its initial activity after four cycles. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis and differential charge density analysis confirm that the heterojunction mechanism of this composite material follows the S-scheme charge transfer mechanism, which effectively promotes the separation and migration of photogenerated charge carriers, reduces charge recombination, and significantly improves catalytic efficiency. This system demonstrates outstanding stability and efficiency in hydrogen evolution, making it a promising candidate material for sustainable hydrogen production applications.



ZnCo₂O₄-ZnO S-Scheme Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Degradation of Cefalexin and Antimicrobial Properties

LU Junyu, LU Yunshu, Pitcheri ROSAIAH, LIN Shu, Zada AMIR, QI Kezhen

2025, 41(4):  799-811.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5089-6

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To identify an efficient photocatalyst for the removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination, ZnO was sythesized via a hydrothermal method. A series of nanocomposites with varying mass ratios (ZnCo₂O₄-ZnO) was fabricated by anchoring ZnCo₂O₄ onto ZnO using an in-situ growth technique, with the objective of enhancing ZnO's photocatalytic performance. The resulting S-scheme heterojunction ZnCo₂O₄-ZnO materials were systematically characterized for their crystalline structures and photoelectrochemical properties, and evaluated for their of E. coli inactivation efficiency under visible light irradiation. The synthesized ZnO exhibited a hexagonal zincite phase, whereas ZnCo₂O₄ was confirmed to be a spinel phase. The enhanced light absorption and charge carrier transfer efficiency of ZnCo₂O₄-ZnO contributed to superior photocatalytic activity. The influence of the mass ratio of ZnCo₂O₄-ZnO on the antimicrobial performance was thoroughly investigated. At an optimal mass ratio of ZnCo₂O₄:ZnO=1:20, a maximum E. coli inhibition efficiency of 92.64% was achieved. Moreover, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of cefalexin (CEX) using 10 mg of 5%ZnCo₂O₄-ZnO reached 61.13%, representing a 43.97% improvement over the 17.16% degradation achieved with pristine ZnO. These findings demonstrated that the ZnCo₂O₄-ZnO composite exhibits markedly enhanced photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity compared to ZnO.



Cu Sites Synergistic Double Heterojunction Engineering for Enhancing CO₂ Photoreduction

TANG Liguang, XU Huan, XU Yangrui, CHENG Yu, CHU Yansong, FENG Sheng, LIU Haixia, LIU Xinlin, SONG Minshan, LU Ziyang

2025, 41(4):  812-821.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5090-0

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The weak adsorption capacity of active sites for CO₂ and the rapid recombination of photogenerated charges are the key to limiting the photocatalytic reduction activity. How to construct a system to achieve strong adsorption of CO₂ and rapid charge separation is particularly important. Based on this, ZnS/Bi₂S₃/CuS composite photocatalyst with double heterojunction structure was constructed by a simple in-situ hydrothermal method. The interface charge contact of the double heterojunction structure formed a built-in electric field, which effectively inhibited the recombination of electron holes, thereby promoting charge separation. Electrons were enriched on CuS, and the strong adsorption energy of Cu sites to CO₂ can be used to rapidly react and improve the photocatalytic activity. Compared with the single substance, the performance of CH₄ and CO was improved by up to 4 and 3.26 times. Density functional theory (DFT) and in situ infrared proved the photocatalytic reaction mechanism.



Pyridine Nitrogen-modified Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic One-step 2e^-H₂O₂ Production

WU Jingyao, ZHAO Qiang, LV Yujing, WANG Shuo, WANG Pengzhao, LONG Jinlin, WANG Ying

2025, 41(4):  822-830.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5091-z

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The precise regulation of photocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathways, particularly the more energy-efficient one-step 2e^- route, is of fundamental importance for optimizing H₂O₂ production efficiency in rationally designed covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Here, a strengthened donor-acceptor (D-A) structured TPCN-COF[COF synthesized from 2,4,6-hydroxy-1,3,5-benzotricarboxaldehyde and 1,3,5-tris (4-aminophenyl) benzene] photocatalyst was developed through the strategic incorporation of pyridine nitrogen moieties into the COF skeleton. The strengthened D-A structure facilitates effective separation of photogenerated charge carriers while promoting rapid electron transfer kinetics. Concurrently, the introduced pyridine nitrogen units increase the surface polarity, thereby improving hydrophilicity and enabling more efficient proton delivery to active sites. Remarkably, the synergistic combination of enhanced charge separation and optimized proton transport in TPCN-COF effectively shifts the ORR mechanism from two-step 1e^- pathway to one-step 2e^- process. As a result, TPCN-COF achieves an exceptional H₂O₂ production rate of 1320.9 μmol∙g^-1∙h^-1 under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm) in an air-equilibrated aqueous system, representing a nearly 3-fold enhancement compared to the unmodified TPCC-COF[COF synthesized from 2,4,6-hydroxy-1,3,5-benzotricarboxaldehyde and 5,5',5''-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl) tris (pyridin-2-ylamino)]. This work establishes an effective design strategy for constructing COFs photocatalysts with strong D-A structures, and elucidates the synergistic regulatory mechanism, by which both electronic structure and surface properties govern ORR pathway selectivity in COF-based systems.



Modulating the Host-guest Interactions in a Microporous Methyl-functionalized Pillar-layered Framework for Natural Gas Valorization

REN Qiao, FANG Yijie, ZHANG Yuke, DI Zhiping, DONG Longzhang YAN Yong

2025, 41(4):  831-838.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5093-x

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Methane (CH₄), the primary constituent of natural gas (ca. 95%, volume fraction), serves as a pivotal clean energy resource. Effective CH₄ purification remains a formidable challenge due to its co-existence with CO₂ and higher hydrocarbons (C₂H₆/C₃H₈). Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as energy-efficient alternatives to cryogenic distillation by leveraging their tunable host-guest chemistry. Herein, we present a methyl-functionalized pillar-layered MOF, Ni-MPC-BPy, synthesized via hydrothermal assembly of the methyl-decorated pyrazole carboxylate ligand and bipyridine with Ni²⁺. This material shows high adsorption capacities of CO₂/C₃H₈/C₂H₆ and preferential capture of CO₂ and C₂₊ hydrocarbons over CH₄[ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) selectivity:CO₂/CH₄=6.2; C₃H₈/CH₄=288.6; C₂H₆/CH₄=20], validated by dynamic breakthrough experiments achieving enrichment capacities of 29.6 and 79.9 mL/g of CH₄ with 99.9% purity for mixtures of CO₂/CH₄ and C₃H₈/C₂H₆/CH₄, respectively. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations unveil that the engineered methyl motifs strengthen C₂H₆/C₃H₈ binding through cooperative C-H···O/C interactions and van der Waals contacts. This work establishes ligand functionalization as a potent strategy to tailor MOF pore chemistry for modulating the host-guest interactions, advancing the design of separation materials for sustainable natural gas valorization toward carbon-neutral energy systems.



Oxygen Vacancy-rich BiOBr for Enhanced Photocatalytic NO Removal and Bacterial Inactivation

LI Xiaofang, LI Fang, WU Yetong, YANG Heng, WANG Chunlei, CHAI Bo, GUO Xiaoliang, YAN Juntao

2025, 41(4):  839-849.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5094-9

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The deliberate introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) in semiconductor photocatalysts has emerged as an effective strategy for enhancing photocatalytic activity. However, the quantitative relationship between OV concentration and catalytic efficiency remains insufficiently understood. Herein, we developed a controlled hydrothermal synthesis of OV-engineered BiOBr nanosheets, employing ethylene glycol (EG) as a versatile structural modulator to precisely tailor OV concentrations. By systematically adjusting the EG/water ratio in the precursor solution, precise control over OV concentration was achieved. The optimized OV-enriched BiOBr photocatalyst exhibited dual functionality, showing a 2.5-fold increase in NO oxidation efficiency (from 20.7% to 51.8%) while significantly reducing the generation of toxic NO₂ byproducts. Additionally, the material demonstrated exceptional antimicrobial activity, achieving over 98% inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli), a marked improvement compared to the 60% inactivation observed for the OV-deficient sample. Mechanistic studies, integrating reaction kinetics, in situ monitoring of reaction processes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) identification, and DFT calculation revealed that OV incorporation induces three synergistic effects:enhanced substrate adsorption, extended visible-light absorption, and optimized charge carrier dynamics. This study offers critical understanding of the function of OVs in photocatalysis and establishes a design framework for developing advanced photocatalytic materials for environmental and antimicrobial applications.



Fabricated Cu-doping and Sulfur Vacancies of CdIn₂S₄ Nanoflowers with co-Engineering Active Sites for Selective Photoreduction of CO₂ to CH₄

CHANG Bingqing, XU Mengyang, LI Jinze, LIU Xiang, ZHANG Jisheng, ZHOU Weiqiang, ZHANG Yining, YAN Chenlong, WANG Huiqin, HUO Pengwei

2025, 41(4):  850-858.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5097-6

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Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂ RR) is usually limited by the weak adsorption capacity of the catalyst for CO₂ as well as the low product selectivity. In this paper, the electronic properties and catalytic reactive sites of CdIn₂S₄ surface atoms are modulated by Cu doping. Experimental and theoretical calculations show that the coordination environment around the Cd atoms changes due to the charge balance effect after Cu doping, which induces the formation of sulfur vacancies. The sulfur vacancies not only enhanced the adsorption capacity of CO₂, but also acted as charge-enriched centres to provide electrons to the Cu reactive sites and stabilized the reaction intermediates, which led to the highly selective generation of CH₄. Cu-doped CdIn₂S₄ catalysts exhibited excellent performance in photocatalytic reduction of CO₂, and the CH₄ yield of 47.01 μmol∙g^-1∙h^-1 with a selectivity of 97.8%. In this study, the synergistic interaction between sulfur vacancies and metal reactive sites enhances the adsorption and activation of CO₂ and effectively regulates the charge transfer process, providing a new strategy for optimising the performance of semiconductor photocatalysts.



Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation via Up-conversion in Y₂O₃:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ Nanoparticles Under Near-infrared Light Irradiation

YAN Shaohan, WANG Lijing, SHAN Pengnian, LIN Xue, SHI Weilong

2025, 41(4):  859-867.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5098-5

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Against the backdrop of increasing energy shortages, hydrogen energy has garnered significant attention as a green and clean alternative energy source. To fully exploit a broader portion of the solar spectrum, we designed a Y₂O₃:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺/ZnIn₂S₄(denoted as YYE/ZIS) composite photocatalyst with a well-defined loaded structure of coating Y₂O₃:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ nanoparticles on the ZnIn₂S₄ micro-flowers, capable of efficiently utilizing near-infrared (NIR) light through an up-conversion mechanism. The introduction of Yb³⁺ and Er³⁺ ions endows the Y₂O₃ with excellent up-conversion luminescence properties, enabling the effective conversion of low-energy NIR photons into high-energy visible light over YYE/ZIS composite, which subsequently activates the ZIS component for NIR-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production. Photoelectrochemical characterizations reveal that the loaded structure significantly facilitates efficient charge separation and migration at the interface, while markedly suppressing the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby enhancing the overall photocatalytic performance. Remarkably, the catalyst demonstrates excellent NIR-response hydrogen evolution performance (16.3 μmol·g^-1·h^-1) even in the absence of noble metal co-catalysts, such as Pt, achieving a hydrogen production rate approximately 10.9 times higher than that of pristine ZIS. This work proposes a novel approach for constructing up-conversion-enabled composite photocatalysts with rationally engineered interfacial architectures.



Epitaxial Vertical Growth of Carbon Nitride-based Homojunction Composites for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride

GAO Juanfeng, LIN Xiao, JIANG Bowen, TANG Senpei, ZHANG Haiyan, CHEN Feitai, JIN Zhiliang, LI Youji, Noritatsu Tsubaki

2025, 41(4):  868-879.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5111-z

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The design and construction of vertical heteroepitaxial structures, although challenging, offer an ideal approach due to their open charge transport pathways and strong interfacial coupling effects. Herein, a supramolecular precursor derived from melamine and cyanuric acid was synthesized via sulfuric acid-assisted hydrothermal treatment. Subsequent temperature-controlled calcination enabled the in situ formation of a carbon nitride-based homojunction photocatalyst (CN/S-TCN) featuring a vertical epitaxial structure. This unique configuration effectively integrates the vertically aligned geometry with the intrinsic two-dimensional layered structure of graphitic carbon nitride. Consequently, the CN/S-TCN homojunction exhibits shortened charge transfer pathways, accelerated surface charge transfer kinetics, optimized band structure, and increased active site density. As a result, the CN/S-TCN catalyst demonstrated exceptional visible-light photocatalytic activity and stability, achieving 89% degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) within one hour. Radical trapping experiments identified superoxide radicals (^·O₂^-) as the predominant active species responsible for TCH degradation. This work provides a valuable foundation for the design of such composite materials and the development of efficient photocatalysts.



Tungsten-doped SrTiO₃ for Boosting Photocatalytic Removal of Cr(VI) and Antibiotic Tetracycline:Charge Redistribution and Band Engineering

LIU Bin, CHENG Lin, ZHANG Yi, DU Hong, LI Lingcong, LI Yuhan, LUO Jianmin

2025, 41(4):  880-892.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5116-7

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The simultaneous photocatalytic removal of hexavalent chromium[Cr(VI)] and tetracycline (TC) presents a critical challenge in wastewater remediation due to their synergistic environmental persistence and toxicity. This study demonstrates tungsten-doped SrTiO₃ (W-SrTiO₃) as an efficient dual-functional photocatalyst through strategic electronic structure engineering. By substituting B sites (Ti sites) of SrTiO₃ (perovskite-structured, ABO₃-type) with high-valence W⁶⁺ ions, controlled doping induces localized charge redistribution within the SrTiO₃ lattice, creating electron-trapping sites at dopant positions to prolong carrier lifetimes. Concurrently, oxygen vacancy engineering suppresses mid-gap recombination centers, synergistically enhancing charge separation efficiency. Band structure modulation widens the bandgap (3.31→3.36 eV) through coordinated upward valence band (+1.79→+1.82 V vs. NHE) and downward conduction band (-1.52→-1.54 V) shifts, thereby extending the thermodynamic driving force for redox reactions. The elevated conduction band strengthens electron reduction capacity for Cr(VI), while the upshifted valence band retains sufficient oxidative potential for TC mineralization. This dual-functional capability enables effective treatment of mixed pollutant system, exhibiting pseudo-first-order rate constants of 0.12001 min^-1 for Cr(VI) and 0.17280 min^-1 for TC, representing 9.2-fold and 11.3-fold enhancements over pristine SrTiO₃, respectively. This work establishes a dual-engineering strategy integrating dopant-induced charge redistribution with oxygen vacancy optimization for advanced photocatalytic water purification.



Construction of ZnCdSe/Triazine-Graphdiyne S-Scheme Heterojunction for Boosting Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

GUO Xin, LIU Jiayue, YANG Xueying, JIN Zhiliang, Noritatsu Tsubaki

2025, 41(4):  893-902.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5125-6

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The unique structural features and remarkable physicochemical properties of graphdiyne (GDY) have made it an attractive contender in photocatalysis. The strategic incorporation of heteroatoms into GDY enables precise modulation of its band structure while creating additional active sites. Herein, nitrogen-doped triazine-based graphdiyne (TA-GDY) was successfully synthesized via a controlled process and subsequently combined with ZnCdSe to construct an S-scheme heterojunction. Combined experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that this heterostructure remarkably facilitates the transfer and spatial separation of photogenerated carriers, meanwhile maintaining a strong redox potential, leading to substantially enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. Under 300 W xenon lamp irradiation (λ<420 nm), the ZnCdSe/TA-GDY composite demonstrates a remarkable hydrogen production rate of 37.31 mmol∙g^-1∙h^-1, representing 5.5 times and 219.5 times enhancements compared to those of ZnCdSe (6.74 mmol∙g^-1∙h^-1) and TA-GDY (0.17 mmol∙g^-1∙h^-1), respectively. Furthermore, the addition of TA-GDY can reduce the photocorrosion phenomenon in the ZnCdSe semiconductor, making ZnCdSe/TA-GDY more stable. The study provides fresh methods and concepts for creating enduring and efficient photocatalytic materials.



Synthesis of Small-sized Trisoctahedral Gold Nanoparticles with High Catalytic Activity for Methanol Electrooxidation

KONG Li, HAO Mengjiao LI Longwei

2025, 41(4):  903-909.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5003-2

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In this study, we successfully synthesized trisoctahedral gold nanoparticles (TOH-Au NPs) with an average size of 45 nm along the longest axis using a seeded growth method. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the smallest reported size for TOH-Au NPs with {331} facet to date. By modulating the seed amount, we achieved precise size control, increasing the average particle size from 45 nm to 80 nm, accompanied by a corresponding red shift in plasmon resonances. Structural characterization via projection angle measurements confirmed that the synthesized TOH-Au NPs are enclosed by high-index {331} facets. These facets exhibit a high density of low-coordination sites, including step and kink atoms, which contribute to their exceptional electrocatalytic performance. Notably, the 45 nm TOH-Au NPs demonstrated the highest electrocatalytic activity, with an electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of 1.239 m²/g, a mass-specific activity of 2.297 A/g, and an area-specific activity of 0.185 mA/cm². This work not only establishes a robust method for the controlled synthesis of Au NPs but also highlights their potential as highly efficient catalysts for electrochemical applications.



Preparation of High-quality Terpene Resin in Acidic Deep Eutectic Solvent

WANG Mengye, YUAN Bing YU Fengli

2025, 41(4):  910-918.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5030-z

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Lewis acid-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were applied for catalyzing the polymerization of β-pinene to obtain high-quality terpene resin for the first time. Structural characterization of DESs, combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, verified that hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds drive DES formation. The DES prepared by the self-assembly of AlCl₃ and acetamide (ACA),[AlCl₃]₃[ACA]₂, showed the best catalytic performance. Under the optimized reaction conditions (10 g of β-pinene, 3 g of DES catalyst, reaction temperature 0℃, and reaction time 4 h), the softening point of the obtained terpene resin was as high as 142.0℃ (global method), and the terpene resin yield reached 94.2%. After the reaction, the DES and product showed good separation, which is conducive to the recovery and reuse of the DES. The quality of the terpene resin satisfied the T-110 standard after four cycles. The structure of the terpene resin was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The number molecular weight (M_n) of the terpene resin determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was 4055, and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed that the terpene resin was stable below 300℃.



Fabrication of Binder-free Hierarchical ZSM-5 Zeolite Monoliths via Steam-assisted Crystallization

SU Xuemei, WANG Yaquan, BU Lingzhen, ZHANG Xian, LI Yaoning, SANG Juncai, REN Guomei, WEN Muhan

2025, 41(4):  919-928.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5038-4

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Binder-free hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite monoliths were synthesized via a simple steam-assisted crystallization process. Many characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption, NH₃ temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), pyridine adsorbed Fourier transform infrared spectra (Py-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were utilized to investigate the crystallization process and physicochemical properties and the monolith catalysts were studied for the cracking of n-hexane to olefins (HTO). The results indicated that the ZSM-5 zeolite monoliths featured high crystallinity composed of nano-aggregates with a microporous framework and an auxiliary mesoporous structure. The total pore volume and specific surface area of the ZSM-5 zeolite monoliths increased with the increase of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide content in the preparation. The monolith catalysts exhibited superior catalytic performance in HTO reaction compared to the control sample shaped with binder. Light olefins selectivity of the ZSM-5 zeolite monoliths increased up to 48% in the subsequent stage of the reaction. This work offers a cost-effective, facile, and scalable method for the preparation of catalysts for the petrochemical industry.



Boronic Acid-substituted Benzimidazole Derivatives and Their Supramolecular Hybrid System Formed with Glutathione-functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots:Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activities and Molecular Docking Calculations

Pinar SEN, Meriam BOURI, Kadir SINAN ARSLAN, Vildan Enisoglu ATALAY, Fikrettin ŞAHIN

2025, 41(4):  929-940.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5040-x

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This study presents novel functional molecules containing benzimidazole units, which are known to have biological properties, as well as phenylboronic acid units attached to the benzimidazole core. These structures were prepared for the first time and conjugated to glutathione-functionalized graphene quantum dots (G-GQDs) to form supramolecular hybrids through π-π stacking. The newly developed compounds showed varying degrees of antimicrobial activity against a panel of human pathogens:Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus brasiliensis. The G-GQD-functionalized derivatives were more efficient in inhibiting microbial growth, particularly against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus. This study introduces a new direction in antimicrobial research for G-GQD-functionalized benzimidazole derivatives as effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Molecular docking calculations revealed a strong correlation between antimicrobial activity and the high binding affinity of the phenylboronic acid-substituted benzimidazole derivatives to specific protein targets (5M18, 2QZX, 4LE8, 2H6T, and 2Q85). The analysis emphasized the impact of substituent positioning on enzyme inhibition, illustrating how structural modifications influenced inhibitory activity. Integrating experimental and computational findings, our study highlights key structure-activity relationships in benzimidazole derivatives and identifies promising candidates for further studies on enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial research.



Conformation Heterogeneity of Protein-Ligand Complexes Revealed by Native Mass Spectrometry and Ultraviolet Photodissociation

LAI Can, LIU Zheyi, LUO Pan, JIN Zhixiong, ZHAO Heng, WANG Fangjun

2025, 41(4):  941-947.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5046-4

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Protein conformation ensembles are directly influenced by functional ligand bindings. Tracking molecular-level fluctuations in protein conformations is critical for advancing targeted drug development and protein engineering strategies. Here, we utilize native mass spectrometry (nMS) integrated with 193-nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) to probe the heterogeneous conformations of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) upon binding functional cofactor and small-molecular inhibitors. The nMS and UVPD techniques allow for simultaneously profiling the inhibitor binding affinity and conformational modulations of DHFR. Our findings demonstrate that the residual fragmentation yield is closely related to the flexibility of local structures. Conformational adjustments induced by either individual or synergistic binding of cofactors and inhibitors unveil novel heterogeneity in DHFR's secondary structures, particularly α-helices and β-sheet scaffolds within the adenosine-binding domain. This study introduces a promising strategy for characterizing the conformation heterogeneity of targeted protein with diverse ligand modulations.



One-step Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate by Reaction of Ethylene Oxide, Carbon Dioxide and Methanol Catalyzed by Inorganic Salts

ZHANG Ziwang, LI Dandan, HONG Yang GAO Guohua

2025, 41(4):  948-954.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5047-3

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In this study, various inorganic salts were investigated for the one-step synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) by reaction of ethylene oxide (EO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methanol (MeOH). The bi-component catalytic system of KI/NaCl achieved high activities and selectivity with a DMC yield of 83% and a by-product, 2-methoxyethanol (2-MET), yield of 2%. The reaction involved two tandem reactions of the cycloaddition of EO and CO₂ and the transesterification of EC and MeOH. Kinetic studies were conducted to investigate the reaction mechanism and found that the strongly nucleophilic KI was the active species of cycloaddition and weak Lewis basic NaCl was the active species of transesterification, respectively. In addition, transesterification was the rate-determining step in the synthesis of DMC. CO₂/KI was capable of synergistically suppressing the by-product 2-MET. This catalytic system exhibited a substrate generality for different epoxides.



Ni/Co Dual Atom Catalysts with Synergistic Bifunctionality for High-efficiency Lithium Oxygen Battery

MOHAMED Zeinab, CHIMTALI Joseph Peter, JIANG Wei, XU Hanchen, WANG Changda SONG Li

2025, 41(4):  955-965.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5053-5

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Despite of the progress in cathode catalysts for lithium oxygen Li-O₂ batteries (LOBs) development, significant challenges persist, mainly due to the slow kinetics of the redox reactions due to insulating and insoluble discharge products. Dual-atom catalysts (DACs), perfectly inheriting the advantages of single atom catalysts (SACs), can exhibit better catalytic performance than simple SACs and thus have gradually gained researchers' attention. Herein, integrated adjacent Ni/Co atoms were designed via a scalable pre-constrained metal twin's strategy. Utilizing a click chemistry-derived approach, cross-linked polyphthalocyanine frameworks (TMPPc-XL) were synthesized. This design prevented metal aggregation during pyrolysis, enriched nitrogen, and stabilized well-defined Ni/Co-N_x coordination sites. The resulting dual-atom catalysts exhibited exceptional oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance, including high activity, stability, and capacity, driven by the synergistic electronic interplay between neighboring Ni-Co sites. It is expected that Ni optimizes intermediate adsorption, while Co tailored d-band positioning and lowers energy barriers, collectively enhancing charge redistribution and multi-step reaction stabilization. The modular synthesis, compatible with diverse transition metal phthalocyanines, offers a versatile platform for designing ideal electrocatalysts for realizing high-performance LOBs.



Bamboo Derived Nitrogen-doped Porous Carbons for Boosting Electrocatalytic Activity for Glucose:A Sustainable and Waste-to-wealth Initiative

XU Cuixing, LI Zhiqiang, BAI Jianliang, HU Zongqian

2025, 41(4):  966-974.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5057-1

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The sensitive and accurate detection of glucose is of immense importance due to its potential applications in clinical diagnosis, biotechnology and food industry. However, the commercialization of such biosensors is greatly limited by the unsustainability of electrode substrates, which are extracted from fossil fuels. Herein, from the view of sustainability (e.g., cost effectiveness, eco-friendliness and recycling), the bamboo derived nitrogen-doped porous carbons (B-dNPC) were synthesized by employing waste biomass of bamboo as raw material, and the glucose biosensor was developed by using B-dNPC as the support for biocatalyst for the first time. Electrochemical experiments prove a remarkable electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction at the B-dNPC-based biosensor, which allows for sensitive detection of changes in oxygen concentration produced by glucose oxidation. Consequently, the B-dNPC-based biosensor displays a superior performance with a wider linear range (0.2-6.6 mmol/L) and higher sensitivity (30.3 μA‧mmol^-1‧L‧cm^-2) compared to a typical carbon material (carbon nanotube)-based glucose biosensor. Additionally, the biosensor is robust to common interfering substances. Significantly, this work demonstrates the tremendous potential of B-dNPC for glucose detection in complex systems, setting up a typical example to produce high value-added material for the development of sensing analysis.



DNAzyme-driven Cascade DNA Walker Fluorescent Biosensor for Highly Sensitive Detection of Kanamycin

NIE Saiyu, ZHANG Peng, ZHANG Qian DING Caifeng

2025, 41(4):  975-982.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5062-4

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The contamination of marine environments with antibiotics, such as kanamycin, poses a significant ecological threat due to its potential harmful effects on marine organisms. Conventional methods for detecting kanamycin, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), face challenges in terms of cost, complexity, and long detection times. This research aims to address these limitations by developing a novel, highly sensitive biosensing platform for kanamycin detection based on a DNAzyme-driven cascade reaction coupled with nanoparticle technology. The method utilizes aptamers for specific kanamycin recognition, which activates DNAzyme-1, triggering a downstream DNA walker system. This cascade reaction amplifies fluorescence signals, significantly enhancing sensitivity. The optimized platform demonstrated a wide detection range (0.05-3 nmol/L) and a low detection limit of 0.0327 nmol/L. This system showed excellent specificity for kanamycin, even in the presence of other antibiotics, and was successfully applied to detecting kanamycin in seawater samples with high recovery rates (94%-102.9%). This DNAzyme-based biosensor offers a promising approach for rapid, cost-effective, and high-sensitivity monitoring of antibiotic contamination in aquatic environments, with potential applications in environmental monitoring and ecological protection.



Chemical Structure-based Graph Convolutional Model for Drug-Gut Microbiota Association Prediction

WANG Shuaiqi, LI Xingxiu, ZHOU Kaicheng, LI Jianxi, HOU Dongyue, XU Caili, YANG Yuan, JU Dianwen ZENG Xian

2025, 41(4):  983-991.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5068-y

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The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity. However, experimental strategies heavily suffered from the technic challenges of the isolation and in vitro culture of individual microbiota species. Predicting gut microbiota-drug associations (GutMDA) is therefore essential for advancing microbiome-informed pharmacology. In this study, we proposed a graph convolutional network-based model GutMDA that utilizes chemical structure similarity for drug representation, and integrates gut microbiota and disease information to enable efficient and accurate prediction of drug-microbiota associations. Benchmarking results on curated datasets show superior predictive performance compared to existing approaches. Additionally, the case studies showed that more than 90 percent of top 20 predicted associations have been validated experimentally in recent publications, which further demonstrates the accuracy of GutMDA. In a word, GutMDA provided an effective and interpretable tool for gut microbiota-drug associations prediction.



Erratum

Erratum to:Heteroatom Doping Modulates the Electronic Environment of Bi for Efficient Electroreduction of CO₂ to Formic Acid

ZHAO Sirui, ZHOU Heng, CAO Dengfeng, SHENG Beibei, QIAN Fangren, LIU Chongjing, CHU Yongheng, LI Rongyao, SONG Li, CHEN Shuangming

2025, 41(4):  992-992.  doi:10.1007/s40242-025-5058-0

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