Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanotube Spheres for High-performance K-O2 Batteries

doi:10.1007/s40242-021-0423-0

Abstract

Abstract: In view of the ever-growing pressure for green gas emission reduction, there is an urgent need for renewable energy systems. Rechargeable alkali metal-oxygen batteries, especially lithium-oxygen(Li-O₂) batteries, are deemed the most promising energy storage systems because of their higher theoretical energy density than that of current lithium-ion batteries^[1—5]. However, their practical application is seriously hindered by the active oxygen intermediates(O₂^-, LiO₂, and ¹O₂) and the insulating Li₂O₂ product^[6,7]. The former is destructive to carbon materials, and the latter is dependent on electrocatalysts or redox mediators^[8—10]. Therefore, although carbon-based materials have many unique properties, such as high electronic conductivity, light mass and low cost, they are not practical air cathodes for Li-O₂ batteries. Instead of forming peroxide species, potassium-oxygen(K-O₂) and sodium-oxygen(Na-O₂) batteries enable a single-electron redox process of M⁺+O₂+ e^-←→MO₂(M=K or Na). This provides an elegant strategy to enhance the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction(OER) kinetics, thereby greatly decreasing overpotential and improving round-trip efficiency(>90%) even without any electro-catalyst^[11—15]. Obviously, it paves an exciting avenue to use carbon materials in metal-O₂ batteries, which can significantly reduce the cost and further increase the energy density of batteries. Besides, the replacement of Li with abundant Na and K also makes large-scale implementation more feasible^[16]. Unlike Na-O₂ batteries, where the discharge products(NaO₂, Na₂O₂, Na₂O₂·H₂O, or mixtures) vary significantly with the operating conditions, KO₂ with higher stability(ΔG_r of KO₂: -239.4 kJ/mol) has been identified as the sole discharge product in K-O₂ batteries^[15,17]. A recent review has systema-tically summarized the characteristics and advantages of K-O₂batteries^[18], and emphasized that K-O₂ batteries are the only system that does not produce ¹O₂, which reduces the parasitic reactions related to electrolyte/electrode decomposition. Therefore, K-O₂ batteries offer unique advantages in the family of superoxide-based metal-O₂ batteries.

Key words: Potassium-oxygen battery, Potassium superoxide, Carbon nanotube

DOU Yaying, ZHANG Yantao, GUO Feng, SHEN Yanbin, CHEN Gang, WEI Yingjin, XIE Zhaojun, ZHOU Zhen. Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanotube Spheres for High-performance K-O₂ Batteries[J]. Chemical Research in Chinese Universities, 2021, 37(2): 254-258.

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Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanotube Spheres for High-performance K-O₂ Batteries

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