Table of Content

24 January 2003, Volume 19 Issue 1

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Articles

Structure and Shape Control of Hydrothermally Synthesized PbTiO₃--Effects of pH and Complexing Agents

XIAO Li-hua, CHEN Dai-rong, XU Xian-lun, LIU Shu-wen

2003, 19(1):  1-5. 

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Tabular PE-PbTiO₃, spherical PY-PbTiO₃, and acicular PX-PbTiO₃ powders were hydrothermally synthesized from triethanolamine(TEA)-complexed precursor; clubbed PE-PbTiO₃ powders were obtained from diethanolamine(DEA)-complexed precursor. The effects of pH of the hydrolyzation as well as complexing agents including TEA, DEA, and MEA(monoethanolamine) on the structure and the morphology of PbTiO₃ powders are discussed. The optimal conditions for hydrothermal syntheses of acicular and clubbed PbTiO₃ powders have been established. The products were characterized by means of XRD, TEM and other techniques.

Spectroscopic Studies of a Three-dimensional, Five-coordinated Copper(Ⅱ) Complex via Hydrogen Bonds: [Cu(PDA)(H₂O)₂](H₂PDA=Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid)

WANG Wen-zhen, LIU Xin, MENG Yi, LIAO Dai-zheng, JIANG Zong-hui, YAN Shi-ping, WANG Geng-lin

2003, 19(1):  6-9. 

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A new copper(Ⅱ) complex [Cu(PDA)(H₂O)₂] was synthesized and its structure was determined. Cu(Ⅱ) is five-coordinated in a tetragonal pyramid geometry. The two coordinating water molecules are different and the two Cu-O bond lengths differ by nearly 0.02 nm. The whole crystal is linked to form a three-dimensional network by means of hydrogen bonds. The X-band ESR spectrum shows three different g tensors with a well-resolved hyperfine structure in the g_z signal, giving the ESR parameters g_x=2.05, g_y=2.065 and g_z=2.29. The covalency of the coordinate bonds and the deviation from tetragonal pyramid geometry for the complex are discussed based on the ESR spectra.

A Novel Application of Lithium Heteropoly Blue as Non-aqueous Electrolyte in Polyacenic Semiconductor-Li Secondary Batteries

WANG Xiu-li, WANG En-bo, XIN Ming-hong, XIE De-min, ZHANG Xi-yan, HU Chang-wen

2003, 19(1):  10-14. 

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Lithium heteropoly blue(Li₅PW₁₀^ⅥW₂^ⅤO₄₀) was used as a non-aqueous electrolyte in the polyacenic semiconductor (PAS)-Li secondary battery instead of LiClO₄. The properties of the PAS-Li secondary battery, especially the effect of Li₅PW₁₀^ⅥW₂^ⅤO₄₀ on the capacity, the cycle property and the self-discharging of the battery have been investigated. The results indicate that not only Li₅PW₁₀^ⅥW₂^ⅤO₄₀ can overcome the disadvantages of LiClO₄, which is apt to explode when heated or rammed, but also the PAS-Li secondary battery assembled with the novel electrolyte has a larger capacity and smaller self-discharging than that assembled with LiClO₄. Therefore, it is believed that lithium heteropoly blue is a better and novel electrolyte for the PAS secondary battery and exhibits significant and practical application.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Biological Activity of a Novel Amino Acid Salt (Hgly)₄[HPMo₁₂O₄₀]₂·22H₂O

HAN Zheng-bo, CHANG Ya-ping, AN Hai-yan, WANG En-bo

2003, 19(1):  15-19. 

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A novel compound, (Hgly)₄[HPMo₁₂O₄₀]₂·22H₂O, was synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, IR and X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallized in a monoclinic space group Cc with a=4.0060(0.8) nm, b=1.2527(0.3) nm, c=1.9930(0.4) nm, β=96.36(3)°, V=9.940(3) nm³, Z=2, R₁=0.0576, wR₂=0.1746. The anti-tumor activity of this compound was tested in two human tumor cell lines in vitro.

Comparison of Catalytical and Biological Activities for Substituted Polyoxotungstates Containing Ti and CpTi

LIU Jing-fu, WANG Xiao-hong, ZHANG Rong-chang, HE Jiang-hua

2003, 19(1):  20-23. 

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The effect of the functionallization of POMs on their properties was examined by the comparison between both titanium and its corresponding cyclopentadienyl subsituted polyoxocomplexes. The polarographic half-wave potential of the complexes indicated that the effect of the functionallization of POMs increased the oxidizing ability of the polyoxoanions. The inhibitory effects of the CpTi polyoxocomplexes on tumor cells are higher than those of the corresponding titanium polyoxocomplexes, and the toxicity of the former is lower than that of the latter. The oxygenation reactions of cyclohexene, styrene, trans-stilbene and maleic acid with PhIO or hydrogen peroxide(30% aqueous solution) catalyzed respectively by Ti and CpTi polyoxocomplexes were compared.

Determination of Sulpiride by Linear Sweep Stripping Voltammetry at a Mercury Electrode

NI Yong-nian, QIU Ping, Kokot Serge

2003, 19(1):  24-27. 

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This paper reports the electrochemical properties of sulpiride at a mercury electrode, especially its adsorptive characteristic. Sulpiride dissolved in a supporting electrolyte of a McIlvaine buffer at pH 6.8 represents a sensitive and well defined reduction wave by linear sweep stripping voltammetry. This method is based on the pre-concentration and the reduction of sulpiride at a hung mercury drop electrode. The reduction peak potential is -1.72 V(vs. Ag-AgCl) and the peak current is proportional to the concentration of sulpiride in the range of 0.1-0.6 μg/mL. The detection limit is 0.025 μg/mL obtained under the experimental conditions selected in this work. The electrochemical properties of this system were investigated, and the proposed method was applied to the determination of sulpiride in pharmaceutical tablets with satisfactory results. It was compared well with the UV spectrophotometric method, showing a superior sensitivity.

Synthesis of Imidazole Derivatives for Their Second-order Nonlinear Optics

ZHAO Lei, WANG Shi-min, XU Zu-xun, ZHANG Sheng-li, WU Chong-hao, CHENG Shi-yuan

2003, 19(1):  28-31. 

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The design and the synthesis of two conjugated donor-acceptor imidazole derivatives(1, 2) were carried out for second-order nonlinear optics. The thermal properties, the transparency and second-order nonlinear optical properties of the molecules were investigated. The experimental results indicate that a good nonlinearity-transparency-thermal stability trade-off is achieved for them.

Syntheses of 10-Hydroxy-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazine 10-Oxide and Its Methyl Derivatives

YIN Zhi-gang, ZHAO De-feng

2003, 19(1):  32-36. 

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Ph₂NH and PCl₃ interacted at a molar ratio of 1∶1.05 and slow-elevated temperature and then at 210-220 ℃ for 6 h. The brown solution obtained was treated with H₂O to produce a very hard brown solid believed to be a mixture of 5,10-dihydrophenophosphazine 10-oxide(1a) and 10,10'(5H,5H')-spirobipenophosphazinium chloride(1b). This brown solid was directly oxidized with peracetic acid in HOAc prior to the separation of them to give compound 10-hydroxy-5,10-dihydropheno-phosphazine 10-oxide(2) with a higher yield(45%) than that of the literature(27%). When treated with excess SOCl₂, compound 2 could quantitatively be converted to the corresponding phosphinyl chloride and the latter could further be transformed into 10-methoxy-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazine 10-oxide in 70% as treated with NaOMe in methanol. Compound 2 could also be converted to a bisanion when treated with NaH in DMF. The resulted bisanion reacted with MeI to give 5-methyl-10-hydroxy-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazine 10-oxide in a 73% yield which would be converted to 5-methyl-10-methoxy-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazine 10-oxide in a 56% yield by the same way of synthesizing 10-methoxy-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazine 10-oxide. All these compounds obtained were identified by surveying their melting points, and spectra and elemental analysis.

Studies on Structure and Properties of Water Soluble Polysaccharide from Fruiting Body of Cordyceps Militarvs(L.) Link

WANG Bai-Jing, WEI Min, ZHANG Li-Ping

2003, 19(1):  37-40. 

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A water soluble crude polysaccharide has been isolated from the fruiting body of cultivated Cordyceps militarvs(L.) Link. The GC analysis indicated that it contained the monosaccharides of Gal, Man, Glc and GlcA. Their molar ratio is 1.00∶1.58∶7.89∶0.19. The crude polysaccharide was fractionated with ethanol to get three fractions, which were CM-Ⅰ, CM-Ⅱ and CM-Ⅲ. CM-Ⅱ was further purified to get one homogeneous fraction named CMB. The molecular weight was estimated to be 60000 by means of gel filtration. CMB is a greyish white powder. The GC analysis indicated that it was composed of Gal, Man, Glc and the molar ratio is 1.00∶1.38∶5.10. Partial hydrolysis with an acid, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, IR, GC and methylation analyses, GC/MS analyses were used for the structure analyses of CMB. The results reveal that CMB is of a lower branched structure. The main chain is composed of (1→6)-linked-Man, (1→6)-linked-Glc, (1→4)-linked-Glc and (1→4)-linked-Gal. Some of (1→4)-linked-Glc and all (1→4)-linked-Gal residues are substituted at 3-O and 6-O respectively. (1→4)-Linked-Glc residues without branch probably exist with other monosaccharides alternately. On an average, there is one branch every ten hexose residues. The side chain is composed of major (1→4)-linked-Glc and minor (1→6)-linked-Glc. The nonreduced end is composed of Gal and Glc. The main glycosidic link of CMB is α configuration.

Analysis of Peptide Ligand Binding to FGFR1

FAN Hong-kuan, DUAN Yan-fen, ZHOU Hui, LI Fei, LI Wei

2003, 19(1):  41-43. 

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Simulating annealing algorithm was used in docking computation to predict a selected peptide VYMSPF(P2) binding site on the ectodomain of FGFR1. The peptide is located on the hydrophobic surface of the receptor, which is critical for FGF binding. The synthesized peptide can effectively inhibit the mitogenic activity of aFGF, and has a potential to become a therapeutic agent as an aFGF antagonist.

A Generic and Dynamic Framework for Web Publishing of Bioinformatics Databases

SHI Yu-hua, WANG Yu-hong, LI Tian-yu, LI Wei

2003, 19(1):  44-48. 

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The present paper covers a generic and dynamic framework for the web publishing of bioinformatics databases based upon a meta data design, Java Bean, Java Server Page(JSP), Extensible Markup Language(XML), Extensible Stylesheet Language(XSL) and Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation(XSLT). In this framework, the content is stored in a configurable and structured XML format, dynamically generated from an Oracle Relational Database Management System(RDBMS). The presentation is dynamically generated by transforming the XML document into HTML through XSLT.This clean separation between content and presentation makes the web publishing more flexible; changing the presentation only needs a modification of the Extensive Stylesheet(XS).

Ginsenoside Rh₂ Showing Ability to Induce Apoptosis in HeLa Cells

FEI Xiao-fang, Zheng Ke-yan, WANG Ben-xiang, TASHIRO Shinichi, IKEJIMA Takashi

2003, 19(1):  49-53. 

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This paper deals with the inhibitory mechanisms of ginsenoside G-Rh₂ on the growth of tumor cells. G-Rh₂ significantly inhibited the proliferation of human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. G-Rh₂ induced apoptotic manifestations in HeLa cells as evidenced by the changes in the cell morphology, the DNA fragmentation and the activation of caspases. Caspase inhibitors, caspase family inhibitor, z-Val-Ala-Asp-fmk(z-VAD-fmk); caspase-1 inhibitor, Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethyl-ketone(Ac-YVAD-cmk); caspase-3 inhibitor, z-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fmk(z-DEVE-fmk) and caspase-8 inhibitor, z-Ile-Glu-Asp-fmk(z-IETD-fmk) effectively attenuated G-Rh₂-induced cell death. The activities of caspase-1 and caspase-3 were increased in the G-Rh₂-induced apoptotic process. However, caspase inhibitors can not inhibit G-Rh₂^- induced cell death completely. These results suggest that G-Rh₂-induced cell death is mediated by the activation of caspase cascade, but there might be some other pathways for induction of this apoptosis.

Microperoxidase-11 Modified Electrode and Its Electrocatalytic Activity on the Reduction of O₂ and H₂O₂

JIANG Hui-jun, WANG Feng-bin, GAO Ying, XING Wei, SHI Bao-chuan, FENG Yu-ying, YANG Hui, LU Tian-hong

2003, 19(1):  54-58. 

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Microperoxidase-11(MP-11) was immobilized on the surface of a silanized glass carbon electrode by means of the covalent bond with glutaraldehyde. The measurements of cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the formal redox potential of immobilized MP-11 was -170 mV, which is significantly more positive than that of MP-11 in a solution or immobilized on the surface of electrodes prepared with other methods. This MP-11 modified electrode showed a good electrocatalytic activity and stability for the reduction of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.

Facilitated Ion Transfer Across the Micro-liquid/Liquid Interface Supported at the Tip of a Silanized Micropipette

SU Bin, SHAO Yuan-Hua

2003, 19(1):  59-62. 

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Glass micropipettes with silanized inner walls can be filled with an organic solvent for voltammetric measurements in an aqueous solution. This arrangement was employed to investigate systematically the mechanism of facilitated potassium ion transfer by an ionophore dibenzo-18-crown-6(DB18C6) across a micro-water/1,2-dichloroethane(W/DCE) interface supported at the tip of a silanized micropipette. Our experimental results verify that this facilitated ion transfer across the liquid/liquid interface did occur by an interfacial complexation-dissociation process(TIC-TID mechanism). The ratio of the diffusion coefficient of DB18C6 to that of its complexed ion in the DCE phase was calculated to be 1.74±0.07.

Partition Equilibrium on the Interface Between a Charged Membrane and a Mixed Electrolyte Aqueous Solution

XU Tong-wen, YANG Wei-hua

2003, 19(1):  63-69. 

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Ionic partition equilibrium on a charged membrane immersed in a mixed electrolyte solution was systematically investigated and several models were established for the determination of partition coefficients. On the basis of theoretical models, the effects of the concentration ratio λ of the fixed group(charged density) to reference electrolyte, the concentration ratio η between the two electrolytes existing in the solution and the valence of the electrolyte ions on the partition equilibrium in a positively charged membrane were analyzed and simulated within the chosen parameters in detail. The obtainable results can also be applicable to a sytem of mixed electrolytes contacting with a negatively charged membrane. The theoretical calculations were confirmed with the experimental data of model mixed electrolytes, NaCl+HCl and CaCl₂+NaCl partitioned in the system of self-made negatively charged membrane-sulphonated poly(phenylene oxide)(SPPO) with different charge densities.

Hydrogen Bonds in Coal——The Influence of Coal Rank and the Recognition of a New Hydrogen Bond in Coal

LI Dong-tao, LI Wen, LI Bao-qing

2003, 19(1):  70-75. 

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By means of in-situ diffuse reflectance FTIR, the IR spectra of 6 coals with different ranks were obtained from room temperature to 230 ℃. A new curve fitting method was used to recognize the different hydrogen bonds in the coals, and the influence of coal ranks on the distribution of hydrogen bonds(HBs) in the coals and their thermal stability were discussed. The results show that there is another new HB(around 2514 cm^-1) between the -SH in mercaptans or thiophenols and the nitrogen in the pyridine-like compounds in the coals, and the evidence for that was provided. The controversial band of the HB between hydroxyl and the nitrogen of the pyridine-like compounds was determined in the range of 3028-2984 cm^-1, and the result is consistent with but more specific than that of Painter et al.. It was found that the stability of different HBs in the coals is influenced by both coal rank and temperature. For some HBs, the higher the coal rank, the higher the stability of them. Within the temperature range of our research, the stability of the HB between the hydroxyl and the π bond increases to some extent for some coals at temperatures higher than 110 or 140 ℃.

Catalytic Hydrogenation over Palladium Complex of Molecular Complex of Poly(4-vinylpyridine) with Acetic Acid

XI Xiang-li, ZHU Jing, CAO Shao-kui

2003, 19(1):  76-79. 

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The palladium complex of the molecular complex of poly(4-vinylpyridine) with acetic acid(PVP/HAc-Pd) was prepared. Its catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene was found much higher than that of the corresponding palladium complex of poly(4-vinylpyridine). In the presence of a strong inorganic alkali, especially potassium hydroxide, the catalytic activity is greatly improved. The suitable hydrogenation condition for PVP/HAc-Pd is to use 0.1 mol/L ethanol solution of potassium hydroxide as the hydrogenation medium and the hydrogenation is carried out at 45 ℃.

Theoretical Studies on Critical Properties of Binary System with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

ZHANG Jing-chang, LIU Kang, CAO Wei-liang

2003, 19(1):  80-84. 

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A new expression of mixing rule is suggested according to the Mayson′s mixing rule in this paper, which adopts the Redlich-Kwong cubic equation of state and the modified Chueh-Prausnitz method to calculate the experiment critical points of six binary mixtures CO₂+ toluene, CO₂+ cyclohexane, CO₂+ n-butanal, CO₂+ i-butanal, CO₂+ methanol, CO₂+ ethanol. The coefficients of interaction parameter in the expression of mixing rule were optimized from experimental data. The calculated results of critical temperature and critical pressure meet the experiment data well. The maximum relative errors of temperature and pressure between the calculation results and experiment data are 1.493% and 5.2236% respectively, indicating that the proposed expression of mixing rule is reasonable. This may provide a fundamental method for studying and predicting the properties of supercritical fluids.

Preparation, Properties and Mechanism of Inhomogeneous Calcium Alginate Ion Cross-linking Gel Microspheres

CHEN Yi-qing, SUN Duo-xian, LIU Jun, HUANG Ya-qing

2003, 19(1):  85-88. 

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Inhomogeneous calcium alginate ion cross-linking gel microspheres, a novel ion absorbent, were prepared by dropping a sodium alginate solution to a calcium chloride solution via an electronic droplet generator. Calcium alginate microspheres have uniform particle sizes, a smooth surface and a microporous structure. The electrode probe reveals the inhomogeneous distribution of calcium ions with the highest concentration on the surface, and the lowest concentration in the cores of the spheres. As a novel ion adsorbent, calcium alginate gel microspheres have a lower limiting adsorption mass concentration, a higher enrichment capacity and a higher adsorption capacity for Pb²⁺ than usual ion exchange resins. The highest percentage of the adsorption is 99.79%. The limiting adsorption mass concentration is 0.0426 mg/L. The adsorption capacity for Pb²⁺ is 644 mg/g. Calcium alginate gel microspheres have a much faster ion exchange velocity than D418 chelating resin and D113 polyacrylate resin. The moving boundary model was employed to interpret the ion exchange kinetics process, which indicates that the ion exchange process is controlled by intraparticle diffusion of adsorbable ions. So the formation of inhomogeneous gel microspheres reduces the diffusion distance of adsorbable ions within the spheres and enhances the ion exchange velocity. Alginate has a higher selectivity for Pb²⁺ than for Ca²⁺ and the selectivity coefficient K_Ca^Pb is 316. As an ion cross-linking gel, calcium alginate inhomogeneous microspheres can effectively adsorb heavy metal Pb²⁺ at a higher selectivity and a higher adsorption velocity. It is a novel and good ion adsorbent.

Studies on State and Structure of Noble Metals in Electrocatalyst Made by Coprecipitation Method

HOU Zhong-jun, YU Hong-mei, YI Bao-lian, ZHANG Hua-min, HOU Ming, LEI Hao, CHENG Mo-jie, BAO Xin-he

2003, 19(1):  89-93. 

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The electrocatalysts of Pt/C, PtRu/C and Ru/C were prepared by the impregnation method. The facet characterization, the dispersion and the particle size for the catalysts were determined by means of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was also used to analyze the state and the valency of the noble metals. The results show that the particle size was in nanometer range and the binary metals have come into being an alloy. The platinum in the catalysts existed in zero valency. The valency of the ruthenium on the surface is different from that in the body, while the ruthenium on the surface existed in oxide-form. PtRu/C and Pt/C are of good activity to the electrooxidation of hydrogen except Ru/C. PtRu/C is more tolerant of CO than Pt/C, and CO is only adsorbed on Pt.

The Weak Interaction on CO₂…CO van der Waals Complex:A Theoretical Study

CAO Zhao-hua, BU Yu-xiang

2003, 19(1):  94-99. 

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The geometries of van der Waals complex CO₂…CO were optimized at DFT and second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation(MP2) levels with the large basis set, three stable structures were found. The most stable structure has a T-shape geometry in which the CO lies along the C₂ axis of CO₂, with the two C atoms direct contact and R(C…C)=0.3227 nm. The corresponding energies of the most stable structure were calculated by means of MP2, MP4D, MP4DQ, MP4SDTQ, MP4SDQ, CCSD and CCSD(T) methods. The BSSE(basis set superposition error) was eliminated by the Boys-Bernardi counterpoise correction(CP) method. According to thermodynamics data, van der Waals complex CO₂…CO can be found at a low temperature and/or a high pressure. There is a little charge transferred between the two interacted subunits. In the most stable structure, CO₂ is the acceptor and CO is the donor.

Synthesis and Electronic Properties of 6-Chloro-2-diethylaminoethyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone

ZHOU Zi-yan, SU Zhong-min, WU Xue, TIAN Guan-rong, QUAN Jing, ZHENG Ming-kui

2003, 19(1):  100-106. 

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6-Chloro-2-diethylaminoethyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone was synthesized by the reaction of 6-chloro-3(2H)-pyridazinone and 2-diethylamionethyl chloride reaction in methylbenzene. Then the structure was characterized by means of ¹H NMR, IR, UV. By the method of ab initio HF and density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP, the geometric structures of the reagent intermediate, the product and its isomer were optimized and their total energies were calculated. The properties for the frontier molecular orbitals and the rules for energy distribution were analyzed systematically. It was shown that the energy of the nitrogen alkyl compound is lower than that of the oxy alkyl compound and the former is stable than the latter . This result is in accordance with the fact that 6-chloro-2-diethylaminoethyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone is synthesized by the reaction of 6-chloride-2-diethylaminoethyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone and 2-diethylaminoethyl chloride.

Studies on Mechanical Properties of Full-Biodegradable Starch-PVA-Polyester Films

RAN Xiang-hai, DENG Peng-yang, DONG Li-song, GAO Ge, ZHAO Chun, LIU Feng qi

2003, 19(1):  107-111. 

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A kind of full-biodegradable film material is discussed in this article. The film material is composed of starch, PVA, degradable polyesters(PHB, PHB-V, PCL) with built plasticizer, a cross-linking reinforcing agent and a wet strengthening agent. It contains a high percentage of starch, costs cheap and is excellent in weather fastness, temperature resistance and waterproof and it could be completely biodegraded. The present paper deals mainly with a new technical route using a new type of electromagnetic dynamic blow molding extruder and some effects on mechanical properties of the system.

Preparation of Nano-porous Materials(Ⅰ) by Polymerization of Amphiphile Self-assemblies

YUE Dong-mei, YU Jiong, ZHANG Qiang, ZHANG Li-qun

2003, 19(1):  112-119. 

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The polymerization of amphiphilic self-assemblies is a promising method to synthesize nano-structured materials with novel properties. These materials have many attractive features for their application in biomedical area and materials science, such as catalysis, separation, surface modification, and therapeutics areas. A general review on the polymerization of lipids and surfactant self-assemblies to amphiphilic self-assemblies is given in this paper with 49 r eferences. The polymerization and the subsequently resulted structure of lipids in different morphologies are summarized. The polymerization of polymerizable surfactants(surfmers) in emulsion and liquid crystalline phases are also discussed. The potential application of new nano-porous materials is briefly described.

Preparation of Nano-porous Materials(Ⅱ) by Cross-linking of Amphiphilic Self-assemblies

YU Jiong, YUE Dong-mei, ZHANG Qiang, ZHANG Li-qun

2003, 19(1):  120-126. 

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Amphiphilic block copolymers can exhibit rich and complex morphologies in aqueous solutions, but these structures are usually delicate, easily disturbed by composition change or temperature change. In this work, the use of different methods to cross-link block copolymer self-assemblies in the presence of a selective solvent and to stabilize the structures is reviewed. In addition, the cross-linking reaction kinetics of block copolymer amphiphilic self-assemblies is briefly discussed.